The Relationship between Learning and Memory :: Papers

Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning. In studying memory, researchers have devised various tasks that require participants to remember "arbitrary information" (Merkle). Memory tasks typically involve either recall or recognition. In recall memory you would be asked to give a fact, a word, or an item from memory. In recognition memory you are asked to identify from various things the correct word, fact, or item. How then do humans remember these things? It involves the human memory process, containing encoding, storing, and retrieving any information being given to us. Encoding is the process of placing information into memory. Storage is the process of retaining information in memory. Getting information out of memory is called retrieval. Out of the three, the most important is Encoding, because you must pay attention to the information that you want to place into your memory. It is the starting point, although there are three levels known within this beginning step. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed three levels for encoding incoming information. "They suggested that whether we remember information for a few seconds or a lifetime depends on how deeply we process the information" (Internet). The first level is classified as Structural, because information is stored on visual codes. In other words, what information "looks" like or what is its physical structure.

Notes on the Auteur Theory Essay

The auteur theory consists of a director’s own personality or attitude in each film that they create. Each film has his or her own style and they use their own personal technique in each film differently. In the article entitled â€Å"Notes on the Auteur Theory,† written by Andrew Sarris, he states that there are three different premises of the auteur theory. The first premise is â€Å"the technical competence of a director as a criterion of value. † A director can be either good or bad, it all depends on the types of films they create. The second premise of the auteur theory is the â€Å"distinguishable personality of the director as a criterion value. † In every film a director correlates his or her own personality into the premise of the film in some way. This creates a relationship between how the film looks and moves to how the director thinks and feels. The third and final premise of the auteur theory according to Sarris is â€Å"concerned with interior meaning, the ultimate glory of the cinema as an art. † This premise projects the director’s attitude towards life during their films or their vision on the world. Over the years, many directors have met the criteria of an auteur director, but none have fit the characteristics of suspense and mystery like Alfred Hitchcock has. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, London England on August 13th, 1899. He had two older siblings, William and Eileen and the three of them grew up in a strict catholic family with their parents named William Hitchcock and Emma Jane Whelan. Hitchcock did not join the film industry until the 1920s, and prior to that he attended St.  Ignatius College and a school for engineering and navigation. In the beginning of his film work, Hitchcock began drawing sets because of his skills in art and eventually got into filmmaking. Some of Hitchcock’ include, The Pleasure Garden, Jamaica Inn, Frenzy, The Lady Vanishes, Psycho, The Rear Window, The Lodger, Vertigo, and Dial M for Murder. In 1942, after Hitchcock directed a film called, Saboteur, film companies began referring to his film after himself; such as Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock’s Family Plot, Alfred Hitchcock’s Frenzy. Hitchcock was awarded the Life Achievement Award on March 7th, 1979 and by this time he was becoming very ill. Unfortunately, Alfred Hitchcock passed away on April 29th, 1980 from a renal failure. Hitchcock may be gone, but his films are never forgotten and to this day Hitchcock will be remembered as the most famous suspenseful and mysterious filmmakers. (IMDB, N. P) Alfred Hitchcock, said, â€Å"There is no terror in the bang, only the anticipation of it†. This statement falls true in almost all of Hitchcock’s films. An auteur director â€Å"illuminates the style of a single artist through a consideration of formal elements,† and one of Hitchcock’s elements that he incorporates in his films is the use of suspenseful tone during certain scenes. (Bywater, 52) In the film, Dial M for Murder, Alfred applies ominous tones to make the audience on the edge of their seats. During the scene when Margot is about to be murdered, the music starts off slow and begins to increase in volume right before the murderer strangles her, forcing the audience to wonder what will occur next. The same type of suspense is used during the film, Vertigo. There is a scene when John is attempting to makeover Judy to fit the aspects of a former lover, Madeline. While he is awaiting her arrival from the bathroom, the tone of the score begins to rise. As John is anticipating Judy’s appearance, the music starts to grow and right before she opens the door of the bathroom, the volume is at its loudest, making the suspense for her arrival at its peak for the audience. Another scene from Vertigo is when John follows Madeline to see her jump off of the bridge into the San Francisco bay. Prior to her jump, the music is light and calming, making the audience wonder why John and Madeline are there. The moment Madeline dives into the bay, the tone immediately heightens and the audience feels a sense of terror not knowing what happened to her. Hitchcock incorporates this style of score into one of his most famous films, Psycho. In an article its states that â€Å"Psycho is the mother of all modern suspense films,† and the audience witnesses this in one of the most famous scenes from the film, the death of the main actress, Marian, during a shower (â€Å"The Greatest Films†). As Marian steps in and begins to take a shower, there is no music playing. While the scene progresses and the shadow of the mother begins to appear, as does the screeching music. This high-pitched tone terrifies the audience as the mother quickly kills Marion. Hitchcock combines the use of score and the use of a drawn out dialogue scenes to create a sense of anxiety between the characters. By using long dialogue scenes, Hitchcock is able to create anticipation from scene to scene, allowing the audience to wonder what will come after. In Dial M for Murder, there is a scene between Tony and Swan discussing how the two will kill Tony’s wife, Margot. The two deeply discuss what will happen during the murder and as the scene progresses the audience becomes worried whether or not the plan will succeed. Hitchcock used the same technique in the film Vertigo during a scene between John and Meredith. The scene consists of the two in the woods while Meredith begins to go into an odd mental breakdown. The audience learns that there is something deeply wrong with Meredith and that John is trying to help her. This scene shows the progression of Meredith’s condition, causing the audience to think about what is left to come. The same technique appears in the film Psycho during an intense conversation between Norman and Marion. This is the first night that Marion stays in the home with Norman and his mother. Norman begins a conversation with her, but instead of coming off friendly, Norman starts to become much more creepy. As the scene advances, Marion begins to become scared of Norman and starts to feel unsafe in his presence. This scene gives the audience a feel of uncertainty with Norman and begins to see that there is something wrong with the man. With the use of long dialogue scenes, Hitchcock was able to convey certain emotions within the scenes to the audience. Alfred Hitchcock will go down in filmmaking history as an auteur director because of his use of both suspenseful score and long mysterious dialogue scenes. Throughout every one of his films, the audience is able to feel scared without the use of cheesy tactics, but from intelligent techniques that incorporate Hitchcock’s personality and the use of his own spin on every film he creates.

Discrimination Against People With Disabilities - 1729 Words

People with Disabilities Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes discrimination against people with disabilities. However a growing trend of awareness from the media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia’s population (4.2million Australians) has a disability. This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of the population has a severe disability. According to the World Health Organization â€Å"Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.† In the past we have had trouble understanding disabilities, particularly mental ones, causing a lot of discrimination and stigma against people. Education and the workplace are areas in which legal mechanisms have proven to be effective when providing justice for people with disabilities. Although an area whic h is still improving is law enforcement surrounding people with mental illness. Mental illness covers a range of illnesses involving a person’s mental state. Even with increased knowledge and understanding today people with mental health issues may still be discriminated against and, as a result, many cases are undiagnosed as people are afraid of being stigmatized. Despite this approximately 1 in 5 Australians will experience a mental illness each year. With mental illness covering aShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Disabled People With Physical And Mental Disabilities Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesare different forms for all discrimination in today’s society. Discrimination is a concept that society has been portrayed as an acceptable act. Ableism is the discrimination against people with physical and mental disabilities. Even though discrimination in society is very impactful and persuasive there have been many steps taken to help improve the discrimination and equality in the work place for the disabled. Ableism is the act of discriminati on against disabled people, there is also many aspectsRead MoreThe Rate Of Discrimination At Work Place With People With Disabilities Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesthe rate of disability Discrimination including the case studies or societal reaction to the disability discrimination. This Research review the rate of discrimination at work place with people having disabilities. The paper mainly focus on the examination on the rate of Employment disability discrimination. Although It been 20 years Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) 1990 was passed which protect the civil right of disable people and prohibit the discrimination against disable people but stillRead MoreThe Rate Of Discrimination At Work Place With People With Disabilities Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesSocietal Reaction to disable discrimination – Case studies and rate examined. Introduction: The main purpose to write the Research Paper is to review or examined the rate of disability Discrimination including the case studies or societal reaction to the disability discrimination. This Research review the rate of discrimination at work place with people having disabilities. The paper mainly focus on the examination on the rate of Employment disability discrimination. Although It been 20 years AmericansRead MoreDiscrimination Against the Disabled Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s time different is not accepted, people that are different are discriminated, looked down upon and usually picked on. People with disabilities are seen as different creatures by most people, the disabled don’t choose to be the way they are, but still our society alienates them. There are different types of disabilities, some type of disabilities are; mental disability, physical disability, learning disability and socializing disability. These disabilities are seen as weakness in o ur society thatRead MoreHealth and Social Care Level 3 Unit 2 Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesDiscriminatory practices in health and social care Discriminatory practice in health and social care happens for many reasons including some important factors that are normally the cause of discriminatory practice for example a person may be discriminated against because on the basis of their diversity. One important discriminatory practice is because of culture. A person’s Culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. It is developed within the social group they are raised in, andRead MoreDiscrimination Is A Part Of Life For Many People1577 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination is a part of life for many people in minority groups. There is one minority group that extends across age, gender and race; this minority consists of people with disabilities. The minority group of people with disabilities can be entered at any age. Also, disability is one of a few minorities that can be hidden from other people. The Americans with Disabilities Act makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabiliti es. However, despite this legislation, people with disabilitiesRead MoreThe government wants to ensure that disabled people are treated fairly in a lot more ways. This Act800 Words   |  4 PagesThe government wants to ensure that disabled people are treated fairly in a lot more ways. This Act illustrates a disabled person as anyone with physical or mental impairment which has big and long-term adverse impact upon their ability to carry out normal day to day activities. For people who with disabilities this act makes it unlawful for them to be discriminated against. It can be for employment, access to good facilities and services, management, buying or renting of land and property and educationRead MoreDiscrimination at Workplace873 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination at workplace In the USA there has been the problem of discrimination at places of work against people with disability, based on race, sex, religion in almost all quarters and this has prompted quite a number of legislations and acts to be passed in a bid to guarantee the people the access and right to use and utilize all the public amenities as well as get the right and equal treatment as an American. Vivian Pearson (2012) notes that the federal law prohibits the employer fromRead MoreTypes Of Discrimination And Discrimination1729 Words   |  7 Pages TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION ⠝â€"Direct Discrimination:- In this case the employee is treated less favorably by the employer simply because of his or her HIV status. For example, rejecting a job application because of employee HIV infection or excluding an HIV-positive employee from the company pension scheme because of an assumption that he or she would draw on it early. (6) The law also protects people who are discriminated against because they are associated with a person with HIV (for exampleRead MoreDiscrimination In The Kite Runner1698 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries, society has been plagued with the sickness that is discrimination. People have taken it upon themselves to have the right to discriminate against others, basing their prejudice on parts of others that they themselves cannot control such as age, race or gender. From past to present, many have faced segregation and the damaging ripple effect it has on their lives. This is especially true for minorities in the world who are singled out and treated as inferiors based on physical traits

The Cause Death Of Suicide - 1495 Words

The Never Ending Cause to Death. Have you ever lost a family or a friend to suicide? Many people and even I will answer this question with â€Å"yes.† The rate of death, caused by suicide, in the world is way too high. Scientist are relating most of these deaths to teens and retired army members. Every year suicide rates keep climbing. The world need to find a better solution to stopping or lower the rates of suicide. Suicide is a huge social issue that is effecting not only friends and family but, the nation. Suicidal thoughts are usually caused when a person cannot deal with the overwhelming life situation. Usually, they don’t feel like they hope for the future, they automatically think suicide is a solution. Some people feel as if suicide is the only way out of the situation. Sometimes there can be a genetic link to suicide. Scientist have traced more suicide deaths to women because they use more effective ways of suicide shown in â€Å"Figure 1† of the appen dix on page 6. Suicide in children and teenagers are often followed by a stressful life event. In some cases, people who are suicidal have more of a risk at killing others and then themselves. This is known as homicide-suicide or murder-suicide. Some doctors can do test and diagnosis to see if you have suicidal thoughts. In the United States the rates of suicide keep climbing but, why when there is many people out there trying to help. In this essay I will explain the causes to the social issue and what we can do to help.Show MoreRelatedSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1191 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the Third Leading Cause of Death in Adolescence Connie Yonn West Coast University Suicide behavior arise in adolescence, a period when significant mood and disturb behavior preoccupied with death (Stoep, 2009). Teen suicide rates are disturbing and have been increasing in the current years base on statistic (Croft, 2016).  The increasing number of teen suicide have cause awareness and brought attention to observance in teen suicide (Croft, 2016). It is said to be the third leading causeRead MoreSuicide Is The Leading Cause Of Deaths Of Adolescents938 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide is the leading cause of deaths of adolescents in Australia. In 2005, it was estimated that deaths caused by suicide was accounted for one- fifth of deaths among teenagers (Life communications, 2012) in 2012 it was estimated that 1,901 (16.8 per 100,000) males and 634 females (5.6 per 100,000) lives were lost due to suicide, which roughly calculates to seven deaths a day that’s caused suicide (Lifeline, 2010) and those who committed suicide seventy five percent were males while the otherRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death2146 Words   |  9 Pages Suicide has been claiming lives for many years, and it is not getting any better. Suicide claims the lives of 30,000 people every year and was the tenth leading cause of death in 2014. Suicide is especially prevalent amongst the youth of America. Every day 18 teens will be successful in committing suicide while 1,000 others will think about. This is a problem that can be fixed if enough effort is put into it. The keys to preventing suicide are understanding and recognizing the signs. Typically depressionRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1786 Words   |  8 PagesWhy is suicide in the mind of teens more than anything else? Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death. Approximately 30,000 people die from suicide each year, meaning one every eighteen minutes someone dies from suicide (Joiner 29). Teens nowadays feel hopeless when something in life goes wrong or when they are being bullied. Som e people may question what causes adolescents or anyone to try to end their life or even whyRead MoreSuicide : The Main Cause Of Death Around The World843 Words   |  4 PagesSuicidal behavior is one of the main causes of death around the world. Suicide is defined as the act of taking one’s own life, commonly due to mental illness or depression. There is a combination of community, individual, biological, and societal factors that contribute to the danger of suicide. Characteristics associated with suicide include: isolation (anti-social), loss (work, relational, financial, or social), family history of suicide, child maltreatment, mental disorder history, alcohol, andRead MoreHow Suicide Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide?1706 Words   |  7 Pagesworker about his decision to commit suicide. Kevin’s rational for this decision is because his widowed father wants to get remarried, and Kevin feels that he is in the way. Furthermore, his father’s business is struggling which makes it increasingly difficult to pay for Kevin’s expensive treatments. Kevin believes that he will eventually die anyway so he asks, â€Å"Why drag it out?† Kevin does not want anyone, not even his father to know about his decision to commit suicide. He asks his social worker to assistRead MoreTodays Society Suicide Is The Leading Cause Death Of Young People816 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Genseal Professor Hachten English 102 10 November 2014 Bullying In todays society suicide is the leading cause of death in young people. They have also found a strong connection between bullying and suicide. There are four main types of bullying: Physical, verbal, indirect, and cyber bullying. Seventy-seven percent of students said they have experienced being bullied. Fourteen percent of those students also said they experienced severe response to the abuse. More than half of theRead MoreSuicide the Third Leading Causes of Death among Teens in the World1026 Words   |  4 Pagestime goes by which is attributed to suicide. Lets put an end to teenage suicide starting with ways to detect and prevent it. The lack of prevention to help reduce the rate of teen suicide that the community deficient in is why more students and schools are coming together to help spread awareness within communities and around the world. Suicide has become a big issue in todays generation, especially for teens. Suicide is now known as the third leading cause of death among youth all around the worldRead MoreTeen Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death For High School Students1396 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years teen suicide has increased tremendously. According to Michael Jellinek, â€Å"the adolescent may feel they have no choice but to end their intense internal suffering or to solve a hopeless dilemma by ending it all†(Preventing Teen Suicide). According to the Center of Disease Prevention, â€Å"suicide is the third-leading cause of death for high school students after car accidents and homicides†(Bratsis). Everyday teens are faced with internal struggles and challenges that are difficult to copeRead MoreWhy Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death Among Young People2319 Words   |  10 Pagesand adults tend to solve issues differently because of life experiences. A lot of young people commit suicide when they are depressed. They do not feel that there is a way out of problems or whatever they face in life. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people in the United States. Each year 20% of adolescents think of committing suicide, and between 5% and 8% attempt suicide. (J. McWhirter, B. McWhirter , E. McWhirter, R. McWhirter, 2007.p.255). Therefore, it is important to

Beowulf Vs. Achilles Essay - 754 Words

Tasia McCoy Sophia DeSilva English 12 30 September 2015 Beowulf Vs. Achilles The Old English poem, Beowulf, doesn’t have an author. Nobody is one hundred percent sure about the history of Beowulf. All they know is that its about a warrior and a monster in conflict. Homer wrote â€Å"The Iliad,† roughly a thousand years before Beowulf. They were both a part of the ancient Greek world. Though Homer was blind, some scholars believe that a philosopher as a blind man had an exceptional inner vision. (72) The theme revolves around the war between Greece and Troy in twelve hundred B.C. Beowulf and Achilles both fulfill their role of an epic hero by making sacrifices, following the rules by their own individual beliefs and cultures. Also by showing†¦show more content†¦As you know, Old English stories like these ones have their own individual beliefs and cultures. Around this period of time, twelve hundred B.C., it is important to follow the culture and beliefs they were born into or developed together along the way. Achill es believed it was only fair to torture the one who killed his best friend, as to Beowulf who was not one to seek revenge. â€Å"Indeed, he had in mind for Hector’s body outrage and shame. Behind both feet he pierced the tendons, heel to ankle. Rawhide cords he drew through both and lashed them to his chariot, letting the mans head trail.† (246-250) Homer. Achilles had in mind a vulgar plan on how to dispose of Hector’s body in the worst way possible. He tied Hector to his chariot, by his feet, and drove to drag his body into pieces until he was dismantled. The Greek warrior, Achilles, found no mercy in Hector for killing Potroclus. He did what any other Greek warrior would’ve done for a loved one. Their belief in revenge is so strong and profound that it could lead them to the death of a person. Achilles and Beowulf both had an abundance amount of acts of bravery. That is the strongest trait that they share. They never cared how dangerous a situation mi ght have been, they always went in for the kill. â€Å"Achilles glazed in wonder at the splendid king, and his

Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(42) " was launched at both sites in July 2007\." Worldwide, HIV/AIDS and depression are the prima causes of disease load for immature people aged 10-24 old ages. ( 1 ) Young people aged 15-24 history for half of all new HIV infections worldwide. Every twenty-four hours, 6,000 immature people aged 15-24 old ages become septic with HIV, which is an dismaying tendency, since this is the largest young person coevals in history. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( 2 ) In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of all new infections are among immature people, with misss being peculiarly affected and represent a higher proportion of reported HIV infections and reported AIDS instances among youth ages 13 to 19 than among any other age group. ( 3,4 ) Cases of HIV infection diagnosed among youth 13 to 24 could be declarative of overall tendencies in HIV incidence because this age group has more late initiated bad behaviors. ( 5 ) Regular attending at clinical centres is required for HIV infection to supervise disease patterned advance, to get down and so supervise the response to antiretroviral therapy, and to give of import information to the patient on minimising the hazard of transmittal. Despite this demand for regular monitoring, loss to follow up in HIV cohort ( surveies ) can be a common happening and is infrequently reported. ( 6 ) This current survey purposes to find a ) the incidence of loss to follow up among HIV infected youth accessing attention at a youth- focused and a family- centered clinic in Kisumu, Kenya ; B ) baseline socio- demographic and clinical features associated with loss to follow up Justification: Nyanza Province in Kenya has the highest load of HIV infection in Kenya, with the HIV prevalence standing at 14.9 % , which is more than twice the national norm of 7.1 % . The national HIV prevalence amongst young person aged 15-24 old ages is 3.8 % ( 5.6 % in females and 11.4 % in males ) whilst that amongst 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 2.3 % ( 3.5 % in females and 1.0 % in males. ) ( 7 ) In Kisumu City, the prevalence amongst females aged 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 23 % , whilst in male childs of the same age class it is 3.5 % . ( 8 ) Merely a little proportion of these young persons were accessing attention and support services and keeping to care was low, with merely 5.3 % of patients enrolled at the HIV attention clinics within Kisumu City were aged 13-21 old ages. It has been shown that up to 60 % of immature people populating with HIV may non be in everyday HIV attention. Youth-centred HIV plans report that one of the most ambitious facets of working with HIV-positive young person is prosecuting them ab initio and retaining them in attention once they are enrolled. Despite the best attempts of outreach staff, lost-to-follow-up rates remain unwantedly high. ( 5 ) A major programmatic challenge for youth-specific HIV services is maintaining HIV-positive young person connected to care and back up systems that can run into their demands for emotional support, guidance, and bar instruction while supervising demands for medical attention, nutrition intercessions, and ARV intervention. ( 9 ) Adolescents with peri- natally-acquired HIV have alone features that may perplex their passage into adult-oriented attention scenes. ( 10 ) In one of a series of surveies on HIV and young person in Brazil, most doctors go toing advanced HIV preparation agreed th at the Ministry of Health should set up targeted services for HIV-infected young person. Nevertheless, associating HIV-infected striplings to HIV attention has proved hard. ( 11 ) The long-run nature of of HIV intervention calls for particular accent on keeping in attention of septic young person. ( 4 ) Transitioning the medical attention of kids with peri- natally-acquired HIV from paediatric attention to internal medical specialty patterns has become progressively of import as newer therapies prolong endurance. Methods Study Design This retrospective analysis used informations routinely collected from HIV infected patients enrolled in attention at Lumumba Health Center and at Tuungane Youth Center, both in Kisumu municipality. Patients aged between 15- 21 old ages enrolled into attention between July 2007 and October 2010 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The survey was approved by the institutional reappraisal boards of the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control- Kenya Program description Family AIDS Care and Education Services ( FACES ) , is a family- centered HIV bar, attention and intervention plan funded by the United States President ‘s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) through a co-operative understanding with the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) . FACES- Nyanza provides these services in more than 60 government- tally wellness installations across 6 territories in Nyanza state of Kenya. Tuungane Youth Center is a youth- specific plan run by Impact Research Development Organization and is funded by PEPFAR to supply VCT, ABY and STI showing and intervention to youth aged between 13- 21 old ages. It is based within Kisumu municipality, Nyanza, Kenya. In Nov 2005, these two plans collaborated with the purposes of bettering HIV services to the young person accessing attention at the two sites. Care at the two sites is standardized, with the same clinical visit/ brush signifiers and attention is offered, free of charge, harmonizing to standardised national guidelines. There is besides a clinical staff exchange plan between the two sites. To day of the month, FACES- Lumumba has enrolled xx.xxx patients ( x % youth aged between 13- 21years ) while Tuungane has enrolled xxxx HIV infected patients since the coaction began. Missed assignments and defaulter tracing Faces, through its Clinic and Community and Health Assistants ( CCHA ) section, runs an active defaulter following programme to better patient keeping. Upon registration, each patient ‘s reference and contact information is recorded. A patient losing his/ her assignment is identified from the day-to-day attending registry and sought 3 yearss after a lost assignment. This same defaulter following mechanism is in topographic point at Tuungane. Data aggregation Socio-demographic, clinical and pharmacological informations collected at each patient ‘s visit on a standardised clinical visit signifier is manually entered into an electronic medical records system that was launched at both sites in July 2007. You read "Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" FACES manages the database. Variables The primary result is loss to follow up ( LTFU ) , defined as a patient losing their last assignment by gt ; 4 months. Socio-demographic and clinical features considered as independent forecasters of LTFU and analyzed as binary/ index variables were baseline: age, above or below the population survey mean ; gender, male or female ; marital/ civil position, married/ partnered or non and clinic type ; youth- specific vs. family- oriented. Highest educational degree attained was categorized into 4: â€Å" none † , â€Å" some primary † , â€Å" some secondary † and â€Å" some college/ university † . CD4 was categorized into 4 classs of: â€Å" lt ; 50cells/mm3 † , â€Å" 50-100cells/mm3 † , 100-200cells/mm3 † and â€Å" gt ; 200cells/mm3 † WHO clinical presenting had phases I-IV. ART position at LTFU was analyzed as a binary variable, of all time started vs. ne’er started on ART. Baseline was defined as up to 60 yearss upon registration. Patients transferred out of either clinic, or determined to hold died or withdrawn from attention were non considered as LTFU. Datas analysis Chi- square ( I†¡2 ) trial was used to analyse the categorical variables and logistic arrested development was used to place factors associated with loss to follow up. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ( ORs ) and the 95 % assurance intervals were calculated in the theoretical accounts. Kaplan- Meier method was used to gauge the incidence of LTFU, presented as events per 100 person- old ages, from day of the month of registration. The event day of the month of a LTFU was the day of the month of the last clinic visit in the records. Patients determined to hold been transferred out, withdrawn, or dead, informations was censored at their day of the month of last assignment or day of the month of decease if known. Datas on patients still in active attention at the terminal of the survey period was censored at the day of the month of their last clinic visit. Wilcoxon log- rank trial was used to compare survival curves. All analyses were performed utilizing STATA version 11/SE package ( StataCorp LP, College Station, USA ) Consequences: Patient features: Over the 3-year period, 927 patients ( 79 % female, average age 20 old ages ) were identified to be eligible for inclusion in the information analysis. 63 % were enrolled at the youth- specific clinic and a bulk ( 66 % ) of those who had their educational province indicated ( n=837 ) , had attained some signifier of primary school instruction while merely 1.7 % had non accompanied school at all. 61.5 % were non married/ partnered and 5.9 % were reported to hold some signifier of employment. Majority of the patients were of good clinical and immunological position ( 81 % were WHO phase I A ; II and 80 % had CD4 cell counts gt ; 200/mm3 ) . Merely 3 % were WHO stage IV and 5 % CD4 cell counts lt ; 50/mm3. 61 % of the patients had ne’er been started on ART. ( Table 1 ) Loss to follow up: 57.2 % of the patients were documented as LTFU ( 79.4 % female, 66.8 % at the youth- specific clinic, p 0.006 ) . A huge bulk of the patients were of good immunological and clinical position ( 81 % WHO phase I A ; II and 82 % CD4 cell count gt ; 200/mm3 ) and had ne’er been started on ART ( 75 % , P lt ; 0.0001 ) . 54 % were above the survey population average age of 22 old ages. ( Table 1 ) There were a sum of 390 LTFU events over 743 person- old ages of follow up. The incidence of LTFU was 53.4 per 100 individual old ages. The average clip to LTFU was 1.6 old ages upon registration ( 95 % CI 1.5- 1.7 ) . The incidence was significantly higher in those who had ne’er started ART ( Log rank p 0.0047 ) ( Figure 1 ) Univariate logistic arrested development identified youth- specific site ( OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.12- 1.91 ) and ART position ( OR 0.23, 95 % CI 0.18- 0.31 ) to be associated with LTFU. On multivariate logistic arrested development, merely ART position was associated with LTFU ( OR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.19- 0.41 ) . Gender, age, matrimonial position, educational degree, occupational position, WHO clinical phase and CD4 were all non prognostic of LTFU. ( Table 1 ) Discussion: This survey shows that LTFU is really high among this vulnerable age group, more so at the youth- focused clinic. Youth go toing attention at a youth- specific clinic are 46 % more likely to acquire LTFU. This might intend that a family- focussed theoretical account of attention is better than the youth- focussed theoretical account but this might be because young person taking to go to the youth- focused clinic have different societal features that place them at higher hazard of LTFU compared to those go toing attention at the family- focused site e.g lower revelation position, higher stigmatisation, hapless household support. Surveies to measure differences in societal features between young person go toing attention at the youth- particular and the family- centered clinic are required. A cardinal determination of this survey is that being on ART protects against LTFU even after commanding for other factors, consistent with other similar surveies done in grownup populations elsewhere. ( 12, 13, 14 ) HIV infected young person who are good clinically and immunologically and therefore non measure up for ART may non see the ground to adhere to their follow up visits. They may merely so return to the clinic when their wellness deteriorates and are likely to remain in attention as they receive ART. This could besides intend that attachment guidance to those non on ART is hapless or that the really ill ( and therefore necessitate ART ) are taken to the family- focused clinic by their similarly HIV infected household members. Surveies have demonstrated that mortality and loss to follow up rates are higher in patients non on but eligible for ART. ( 13 ) High pre- ART loss to follow up and particularly in those with less advanced clinical phase raises concern, since they are likely to be engaged in hazardous sexual patterns. ( 12 ) Strategies to enable earlier start of ART and to advance keeping in attention are required. In this survey, 50 % of patients got lost at 1 twelvemonth and 7 months of registration. Time from induction of ART to loss to follow up was nevertheless, non determined. Surveies among big populations found that on norm, 21 % of HIV infected patients get lost from attention in the first six months after get downing ART and approximately 40 % of patients are lost at two old ages, with big fluctuation in keeping rates. ( 15 ) There is demand for intercessions that improve linkage to care and prioritise ART induction particularly for those with low baseline CD4 counts. ( 16 ) There was no association between LTFU and clinical/ immunological position and others have besides shown that more advanced HIV disease and the absence of clinical phase appraisal are strongly associated with the hazard of decease ; but non with no followup or a loss to followup in the first 6 months. ( 17 ) Sarah et al nevertheless, reveal low baseline CD4 counts and unemployment to be independently associated with being lost to follow up. ( 18 ) Employment position was non associated with LTFU in this survey From the database, merely 60 patients were identified as discontinued from attention ( 9 deceased, 48 transferred to other clinics and 3 withdrew from attention ) and were therefore non defined as LTFU. Surveies to look into the true results of all patients defined as LTFU are required, since they could fall into one of three classs: wholly out of attention, go toing attention at other installations or deceased ( 19 ) . Patients who do non return for followup at clinics supplying comprehensive HIV/AIDS attention require particular attending. This is peculiarly true where resources are limited and clinic tonss are high. ( 20 ) Patients non doing their assignments may hold stopped taking antiretroviral drugs, ensuing in high mortality ; or may hold transferred to another plan. In ART programmes in resource-limited scenes a significant minority of grownups lost to follow up can non be traced, and among those traced 20 % to 60 % had died. ( 15 ) Constitution of systems for monitoring and following loss-to-follow-up patients, and to implement schemes for bettering keeping in attention is required for all HIV clinics. ( 18 ) Study strengths and failings: The follow up period of three old ages and a ample population gives the survey some strength, though the findings would non be generalizable to the full population since it involved merely one family- focused and one youth- focused clinic in Kisumu, Kenya. The theoretical account used in this survey was a hapless forecaster of the result. Similar surveies elsewhere are warranted. Decision: Newer and advanced attacks to retain HIV septic young person in attention, even at young person specific clinics, are desperately required. In the interim, targeted guidance should be directed toward HIV infected youth non yet get downing ART. Recognitions: I ‘d wish to admit all staff and patients at FACES and Tuungane who made this survey possible and to my advisers at UCB for the huge support and valuable way in making this survey. How to cite Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Managemant Essay Example For Students

Managemant Essay Marks and Spencer used to be structured under a Functional or U-Form design which works by breaking the company into departments like operations, marketing, finance, human resources, and research and development. This design works well with smaller companies but with bigger companies there is too much information for the top manager to handle and deal with. This is exactly what happened to Marks and Spencer. In 1991, Sir Richard Greenbury took over Marks and Spencer for seven years and structured the company to fit the Functional design. He made the company very aristocratic and rigid where by â€Å"Head office knows best† (The Economist). This created an atmosphere where by the company focused on their products instead of focusing on their customers. Although Marks and Spencer grew and made huge profits within this time, in 1998 their profits fell very quickly and sharply. Marks and Spencer closed a chain of stores which they owned in Canada and rumours were spreading that they would also close two chains of stores which they owned in the United States. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s quick expansions and the aristocratic rule had definite visible implications on Marks and Spencer’s well-being. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s aristocratic rule and structure just couldn’t handle everything that was going on. Another one of Marks and Spencer’s weaknesses stemmed from their heavy reliance on inside promotions. The company would hire college students and have them work their way up the ladder. Very rarely did the company hire outside candidate for senior positions. This prevented outside innovations from coming into the organisation. In 1998 Marks and Spencer needed to do something drastic because it was losing out on its market share and their reputation was going down the tubes. The company decided it was time to restructure. The new structure of Marks and Spencer would be more like the Conglomerate or H-Form design. In this design the organisation is set up basically as a holding company comprised of unrelated products. The new Marks and Spencer would have seven different business units: women’s swear, men’s wear, lingerie, children’s wear, food, beauty, and home. This would allow the company to create a more flexible structure which could respond to the fast changing environment. This flexible structure would give autonomy to individual business units helping them tailor to their customers better. Marks and Spencer would no longer operate under the â€Å"head office knows best† principle and would give the customers what they really wanted. Another change was also made in the management of the company. At first, Peter Salsbury took over Marks and Spencer after Sir Richard Greensbury resigned and currently Luc Vandevelde heads the company. The company’s head management is running under a short term strategy in order to find someone who can lift Marks and Spencer out the hole. Luc Vandevelde came to the company in May 2000 and will stay on for a year unless he can turn the profits around. To help him out, Roger Holmes, an expert in profit turnaround and customer-focused organisational change, will also join Marks and Spencer in January of 2001 as executive director. The only problem facing the two is that neither have much experience in retailing food or clothing so if they can’t turn profits around, the company board will look to acquire a top level manager from Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer.Bibliography: