The Cause Death Of Suicide - 1495 Words

The Never Ending Cause to Death. Have you ever lost a family or a friend to suicide? Many people and even I will answer this question with â€Å"yes.† The rate of death, caused by suicide, in the world is way too high. Scientist are relating most of these deaths to teens and retired army members. Every year suicide rates keep climbing. The world need to find a better solution to stopping or lower the rates of suicide. Suicide is a huge social issue that is effecting not only friends and family but, the nation. Suicidal thoughts are usually caused when a person cannot deal with the overwhelming life situation. Usually, they don’t feel like they hope for the future, they automatically think suicide is a solution. Some people feel as if suicide is the only way out of the situation. Sometimes there can be a genetic link to suicide. Scientist have traced more suicide deaths to women because they use more effective ways of suicide shown in â€Å"Figure 1† of the appen dix on page 6. Suicide in children and teenagers are often followed by a stressful life event. In some cases, people who are suicidal have more of a risk at killing others and then themselves. This is known as homicide-suicide or murder-suicide. Some doctors can do test and diagnosis to see if you have suicidal thoughts. In the United States the rates of suicide keep climbing but, why when there is many people out there trying to help. In this essay I will explain the causes to the social issue and what we can do to help.Show MoreRelatedSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1191 Words   |  5 Pages Suicide is the Third Leading Cause of Death in Adolescence Connie Yonn West Coast University Suicide behavior arise in adolescence, a period when significant mood and disturb behavior preoccupied with death (Stoep, 2009). Teen suicide rates are disturbing and have been increasing in the current years base on statistic (Croft, 2016).  The increasing number of teen suicide have cause awareness and brought attention to observance in teen suicide (Croft, 2016). It is said to be the third leading causeRead MoreSuicide Is The Leading Cause Of Deaths Of Adolescents938 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide is the leading cause of deaths of adolescents in Australia. In 2005, it was estimated that deaths caused by suicide was accounted for one- fifth of deaths among teenagers (Life communications, 2012) in 2012 it was estimated that 1,901 (16.8 per 100,000) males and 634 females (5.6 per 100,000) lives were lost due to suicide, which roughly calculates to seven deaths a day that’s caused suicide (Lifeline, 2010) and those who committed suicide seventy five percent were males while the otherRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death2146 Words   |  9 Pages Suicide has been claiming lives for many years, and it is not getting any better. Suicide claims the lives of 30,000 people every year and was the tenth leading cause of death in 2014. Suicide is especially prevalent amongst the youth of America. Every day 18 teens will be successful in committing suicide while 1,000 others will think about. This is a problem that can be fixed if enough effort is put into it. The keys to preventing suicide are understanding and recognizing the signs. Typically depressionRead MoreSuicide Is The Third Leading Cause Of Death1786 Words   |  8 PagesWhy is suicide in the mind of teens more than anything else? Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death. Approximately 30,000 people die from suicide each year, meaning one every eighteen minutes someone dies from suicide (Joiner 29). Teens nowadays feel hopeless when something in life goes wrong or when they are being bullied. Som e people may question what causes adolescents or anyone to try to end their life or even whyRead MoreSuicide : The Main Cause Of Death Around The World843 Words   |  4 PagesSuicidal behavior is one of the main causes of death around the world. Suicide is defined as the act of taking one’s own life, commonly due to mental illness or depression. There is a combination of community, individual, biological, and societal factors that contribute to the danger of suicide. Characteristics associated with suicide include: isolation (anti-social), loss (work, relational, financial, or social), family history of suicide, child maltreatment, mental disorder history, alcohol, andRead MoreHow Suicide Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide?1706 Words   |  7 Pagesworker about his decision to commit suicide. Kevin’s rational for this decision is because his widowed father wants to get remarried, and Kevin feels that he is in the way. Furthermore, his father’s business is struggling which makes it increasingly difficult to pay for Kevin’s expensive treatments. Kevin believes that he will eventually die anyway so he asks, â€Å"Why drag it out?† Kevin does not want anyone, not even his father to know about his decision to commit suicide. He asks his social worker to assistRead MoreTodays Society Suicide Is The Leading Cause Death Of Young People816 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Genseal Professor Hachten English 102 10 November 2014 Bullying In todays society suicide is the leading cause of death in young people. They have also found a strong connection between bullying and suicide. There are four main types of bullying: Physical, verbal, indirect, and cyber bullying. Seventy-seven percent of students said they have experienced being bullied. Fourteen percent of those students also said they experienced severe response to the abuse. More than half of theRead MoreSuicide the Third Leading Causes of Death among Teens in the World1026 Words   |  4 Pagestime goes by which is attributed to suicide. Lets put an end to teenage suicide starting with ways to detect and prevent it. The lack of prevention to help reduce the rate of teen suicide that the community deficient in is why more students and schools are coming together to help spread awareness within communities and around the world. Suicide has become a big issue in todays generation, especially for teens. Suicide is now known as the third leading cause of death among youth all around the worldRead MoreTeen Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death For High School Students1396 Words   |  6 PagesOver the years teen suicide has increased tremendously. According to Michael Jellinek, â€Å"the adolescent may feel they have no choice but to end their intense internal suffering or to solve a hopeless dilemma by ending it all†(Preventing Teen Suicide). According to the Center of Disease Prevention, â€Å"suicide is the third-leading cause of death for high school students after car accidents and homicides†(Bratsis). Everyday teens are faced with internal struggles and challenges that are difficult to copeRead MoreWhy Suicide Is The Third Leading Cause Death Among Young People2319 Words   |  10 Pagesand adults tend to solve issues differently because of life experiences. A lot of young people commit suicide when they are depressed. They do not feel that there is a way out of problems or whatever they face in life. Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people in the United States. Each year 20% of adolescents think of committing suicide, and between 5% and 8% attempt suicide. (J. McWhirter, B. McWhirter , E. McWhirter, R. McWhirter, 2007.p.255). Therefore, it is important to

Beowulf Vs. Achilles Essay - 754 Words

Tasia McCoy Sophia DeSilva English 12 30 September 2015 Beowulf Vs. Achilles The Old English poem, Beowulf, doesn’t have an author. Nobody is one hundred percent sure about the history of Beowulf. All they know is that its about a warrior and a monster in conflict. Homer wrote â€Å"The Iliad,† roughly a thousand years before Beowulf. They were both a part of the ancient Greek world. Though Homer was blind, some scholars believe that a philosopher as a blind man had an exceptional inner vision. (72) The theme revolves around the war between Greece and Troy in twelve hundred B.C. Beowulf and Achilles both fulfill their role of an epic hero by making sacrifices, following the rules by their own individual beliefs and cultures. Also by showing†¦show more content†¦As you know, Old English stories like these ones have their own individual beliefs and cultures. Around this period of time, twelve hundred B.C., it is important to follow the culture and beliefs they were born into or developed together along the way. Achill es believed it was only fair to torture the one who killed his best friend, as to Beowulf who was not one to seek revenge. â€Å"Indeed, he had in mind for Hector’s body outrage and shame. Behind both feet he pierced the tendons, heel to ankle. Rawhide cords he drew through both and lashed them to his chariot, letting the mans head trail.† (246-250) Homer. Achilles had in mind a vulgar plan on how to dispose of Hector’s body in the worst way possible. He tied Hector to his chariot, by his feet, and drove to drag his body into pieces until he was dismantled. The Greek warrior, Achilles, found no mercy in Hector for killing Potroclus. He did what any other Greek warrior would’ve done for a loved one. Their belief in revenge is so strong and profound that it could lead them to the death of a person. Achilles and Beowulf both had an abundance amount of acts of bravery. That is the strongest trait that they share. They never cared how dangerous a situation mi ght have been, they always went in for the kill. â€Å"Achilles glazed in wonder at the splendid king, and his

Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(42) " was launched at both sites in July 2007\." Worldwide, HIV/AIDS and depression are the prima causes of disease load for immature people aged 10-24 old ages. ( 1 ) Young people aged 15-24 history for half of all new HIV infections worldwide. Every twenty-four hours, 6,000 immature people aged 15-24 old ages become septic with HIV, which is an dismaying tendency, since this is the largest young person coevals in history. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( 2 ) In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of all new infections are among immature people, with misss being peculiarly affected and represent a higher proportion of reported HIV infections and reported AIDS instances among youth ages 13 to 19 than among any other age group. ( 3,4 ) Cases of HIV infection diagnosed among youth 13 to 24 could be declarative of overall tendencies in HIV incidence because this age group has more late initiated bad behaviors. ( 5 ) Regular attending at clinical centres is required for HIV infection to supervise disease patterned advance, to get down and so supervise the response to antiretroviral therapy, and to give of import information to the patient on minimising the hazard of transmittal. Despite this demand for regular monitoring, loss to follow up in HIV cohort ( surveies ) can be a common happening and is infrequently reported. ( 6 ) This current survey purposes to find a ) the incidence of loss to follow up among HIV infected youth accessing attention at a youth- focused and a family- centered clinic in Kisumu, Kenya ; B ) baseline socio- demographic and clinical features associated with loss to follow up Justification: Nyanza Province in Kenya has the highest load of HIV infection in Kenya, with the HIV prevalence standing at 14.9 % , which is more than twice the national norm of 7.1 % . The national HIV prevalence amongst young person aged 15-24 old ages is 3.8 % ( 5.6 % in females and 11.4 % in males ) whilst that amongst 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 2.3 % ( 3.5 % in females and 1.0 % in males. ) ( 7 ) In Kisumu City, the prevalence amongst females aged 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 23 % , whilst in male childs of the same age class it is 3.5 % . ( 8 ) Merely a little proportion of these young persons were accessing attention and support services and keeping to care was low, with merely 5.3 % of patients enrolled at the HIV attention clinics within Kisumu City were aged 13-21 old ages. It has been shown that up to 60 % of immature people populating with HIV may non be in everyday HIV attention. Youth-centred HIV plans report that one of the most ambitious facets of working with HIV-positive young person is prosecuting them ab initio and retaining them in attention once they are enrolled. Despite the best attempts of outreach staff, lost-to-follow-up rates remain unwantedly high. ( 5 ) A major programmatic challenge for youth-specific HIV services is maintaining HIV-positive young person connected to care and back up systems that can run into their demands for emotional support, guidance, and bar instruction while supervising demands for medical attention, nutrition intercessions, and ARV intervention. ( 9 ) Adolescents with peri- natally-acquired HIV have alone features that may perplex their passage into adult-oriented attention scenes. ( 10 ) In one of a series of surveies on HIV and young person in Brazil, most doctors go toing advanced HIV preparation agreed th at the Ministry of Health should set up targeted services for HIV-infected young person. Nevertheless, associating HIV-infected striplings to HIV attention has proved hard. ( 11 ) The long-run nature of of HIV intervention calls for particular accent on keeping in attention of septic young person. ( 4 ) Transitioning the medical attention of kids with peri- natally-acquired HIV from paediatric attention to internal medical specialty patterns has become progressively of import as newer therapies prolong endurance. Methods Study Design This retrospective analysis used informations routinely collected from HIV infected patients enrolled in attention at Lumumba Health Center and at Tuungane Youth Center, both in Kisumu municipality. Patients aged between 15- 21 old ages enrolled into attention between July 2007 and October 2010 were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The survey was approved by the institutional reappraisal boards of the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control- Kenya Program description Family AIDS Care and Education Services ( FACES ) , is a family- centered HIV bar, attention and intervention plan funded by the United States President ‘s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) through a co-operative understanding with the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) . FACES- Nyanza provides these services in more than 60 government- tally wellness installations across 6 territories in Nyanza state of Kenya. Tuungane Youth Center is a youth- specific plan run by Impact Research Development Organization and is funded by PEPFAR to supply VCT, ABY and STI showing and intervention to youth aged between 13- 21 old ages. It is based within Kisumu municipality, Nyanza, Kenya. In Nov 2005, these two plans collaborated with the purposes of bettering HIV services to the young person accessing attention at the two sites. Care at the two sites is standardized, with the same clinical visit/ brush signifiers and attention is offered, free of charge, harmonizing to standardised national guidelines. There is besides a clinical staff exchange plan between the two sites. To day of the month, FACES- Lumumba has enrolled xx.xxx patients ( x % youth aged between 13- 21years ) while Tuungane has enrolled xxxx HIV infected patients since the coaction began. Missed assignments and defaulter tracing Faces, through its Clinic and Community and Health Assistants ( CCHA ) section, runs an active defaulter following programme to better patient keeping. Upon registration, each patient ‘s reference and contact information is recorded. A patient losing his/ her assignment is identified from the day-to-day attending registry and sought 3 yearss after a lost assignment. This same defaulter following mechanism is in topographic point at Tuungane. Data aggregation Socio-demographic, clinical and pharmacological informations collected at each patient ‘s visit on a standardised clinical visit signifier is manually entered into an electronic medical records system that was launched at both sites in July 2007. You read "Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" FACES manages the database. Variables The primary result is loss to follow up ( LTFU ) , defined as a patient losing their last assignment by gt ; 4 months. Socio-demographic and clinical features considered as independent forecasters of LTFU and analyzed as binary/ index variables were baseline: age, above or below the population survey mean ; gender, male or female ; marital/ civil position, married/ partnered or non and clinic type ; youth- specific vs. family- oriented. Highest educational degree attained was categorized into 4: â€Å" none † , â€Å" some primary † , â€Å" some secondary † and â€Å" some college/ university † . CD4 was categorized into 4 classs of: â€Å" lt ; 50cells/mm3 † , â€Å" 50-100cells/mm3 † , 100-200cells/mm3 † and â€Å" gt ; 200cells/mm3 † WHO clinical presenting had phases I-IV. ART position at LTFU was analyzed as a binary variable, of all time started vs. ne’er started on ART. Baseline was defined as up to 60 yearss upon registration. Patients transferred out of either clinic, or determined to hold died or withdrawn from attention were non considered as LTFU. Datas analysis Chi- square ( I†¡2 ) trial was used to analyse the categorical variables and logistic arrested development was used to place factors associated with loss to follow up. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ( ORs ) and the 95 % assurance intervals were calculated in the theoretical accounts. Kaplan- Meier method was used to gauge the incidence of LTFU, presented as events per 100 person- old ages, from day of the month of registration. The event day of the month of a LTFU was the day of the month of the last clinic visit in the records. Patients determined to hold been transferred out, withdrawn, or dead, informations was censored at their day of the month of last assignment or day of the month of decease if known. Datas on patients still in active attention at the terminal of the survey period was censored at the day of the month of their last clinic visit. Wilcoxon log- rank trial was used to compare survival curves. All analyses were performed utilizing STATA version 11/SE package ( StataCorp LP, College Station, USA ) Consequences: Patient features: Over the 3-year period, 927 patients ( 79 % female, average age 20 old ages ) were identified to be eligible for inclusion in the information analysis. 63 % were enrolled at the youth- specific clinic and a bulk ( 66 % ) of those who had their educational province indicated ( n=837 ) , had attained some signifier of primary school instruction while merely 1.7 % had non accompanied school at all. 61.5 % were non married/ partnered and 5.9 % were reported to hold some signifier of employment. Majority of the patients were of good clinical and immunological position ( 81 % were WHO phase I A ; II and 80 % had CD4 cell counts gt ; 200/mm3 ) . Merely 3 % were WHO stage IV and 5 % CD4 cell counts lt ; 50/mm3. 61 % of the patients had ne’er been started on ART. ( Table 1 ) Loss to follow up: 57.2 % of the patients were documented as LTFU ( 79.4 % female, 66.8 % at the youth- specific clinic, p 0.006 ) . A huge bulk of the patients were of good immunological and clinical position ( 81 % WHO phase I A ; II and 82 % CD4 cell count gt ; 200/mm3 ) and had ne’er been started on ART ( 75 % , P lt ; 0.0001 ) . 54 % were above the survey population average age of 22 old ages. ( Table 1 ) There were a sum of 390 LTFU events over 743 person- old ages of follow up. The incidence of LTFU was 53.4 per 100 individual old ages. The average clip to LTFU was 1.6 old ages upon registration ( 95 % CI 1.5- 1.7 ) . The incidence was significantly higher in those who had ne’er started ART ( Log rank p 0.0047 ) ( Figure 1 ) Univariate logistic arrested development identified youth- specific site ( OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.12- 1.91 ) and ART position ( OR 0.23, 95 % CI 0.18- 0.31 ) to be associated with LTFU. On multivariate logistic arrested development, merely ART position was associated with LTFU ( OR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.19- 0.41 ) . Gender, age, matrimonial position, educational degree, occupational position, WHO clinical phase and CD4 were all non prognostic of LTFU. ( Table 1 ) Discussion: This survey shows that LTFU is really high among this vulnerable age group, more so at the youth- focused clinic. Youth go toing attention at a youth- specific clinic are 46 % more likely to acquire LTFU. This might intend that a family- focussed theoretical account of attention is better than the youth- focussed theoretical account but this might be because young person taking to go to the youth- focused clinic have different societal features that place them at higher hazard of LTFU compared to those go toing attention at the family- focused site e.g lower revelation position, higher stigmatisation, hapless household support. Surveies to measure differences in societal features between young person go toing attention at the youth- particular and the family- centered clinic are required. A cardinal determination of this survey is that being on ART protects against LTFU even after commanding for other factors, consistent with other similar surveies done in grownup populations elsewhere. ( 12, 13, 14 ) HIV infected young person who are good clinically and immunologically and therefore non measure up for ART may non see the ground to adhere to their follow up visits. They may merely so return to the clinic when their wellness deteriorates and are likely to remain in attention as they receive ART. This could besides intend that attachment guidance to those non on ART is hapless or that the really ill ( and therefore necessitate ART ) are taken to the family- focused clinic by their similarly HIV infected household members. Surveies have demonstrated that mortality and loss to follow up rates are higher in patients non on but eligible for ART. ( 13 ) High pre- ART loss to follow up and particularly in those with less advanced clinical phase raises concern, since they are likely to be engaged in hazardous sexual patterns. ( 12 ) Strategies to enable earlier start of ART and to advance keeping in attention are required. In this survey, 50 % of patients got lost at 1 twelvemonth and 7 months of registration. Time from induction of ART to loss to follow up was nevertheless, non determined. Surveies among big populations found that on norm, 21 % of HIV infected patients get lost from attention in the first six months after get downing ART and approximately 40 % of patients are lost at two old ages, with big fluctuation in keeping rates. ( 15 ) There is demand for intercessions that improve linkage to care and prioritise ART induction particularly for those with low baseline CD4 counts. ( 16 ) There was no association between LTFU and clinical/ immunological position and others have besides shown that more advanced HIV disease and the absence of clinical phase appraisal are strongly associated with the hazard of decease ; but non with no followup or a loss to followup in the first 6 months. ( 17 ) Sarah et al nevertheless, reveal low baseline CD4 counts and unemployment to be independently associated with being lost to follow up. ( 18 ) Employment position was non associated with LTFU in this survey From the database, merely 60 patients were identified as discontinued from attention ( 9 deceased, 48 transferred to other clinics and 3 withdrew from attention ) and were therefore non defined as LTFU. Surveies to look into the true results of all patients defined as LTFU are required, since they could fall into one of three classs: wholly out of attention, go toing attention at other installations or deceased ( 19 ) . Patients who do non return for followup at clinics supplying comprehensive HIV/AIDS attention require particular attending. This is peculiarly true where resources are limited and clinic tonss are high. ( 20 ) Patients non doing their assignments may hold stopped taking antiretroviral drugs, ensuing in high mortality ; or may hold transferred to another plan. In ART programmes in resource-limited scenes a significant minority of grownups lost to follow up can non be traced, and among those traced 20 % to 60 % had died. ( 15 ) Constitution of systems for monitoring and following loss-to-follow-up patients, and to implement schemes for bettering keeping in attention is required for all HIV clinics. ( 18 ) Study strengths and failings: The follow up period of three old ages and a ample population gives the survey some strength, though the findings would non be generalizable to the full population since it involved merely one family- focused and one youth- focused clinic in Kisumu, Kenya. The theoretical account used in this survey was a hapless forecaster of the result. Similar surveies elsewhere are warranted. Decision: Newer and advanced attacks to retain HIV septic young person in attention, even at young person specific clinics, are desperately required. In the interim, targeted guidance should be directed toward HIV infected youth non yet get downing ART. Recognitions: I ‘d wish to admit all staff and patients at FACES and Tuungane who made this survey possible and to my advisers at UCB for the huge support and valuable way in making this survey. How to cite Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Managemant Essay Example For Students

Managemant Essay Marks and Spencer used to be structured under a Functional or U-Form design which works by breaking the company into departments like operations, marketing, finance, human resources, and research and development. This design works well with smaller companies but with bigger companies there is too much information for the top manager to handle and deal with. This is exactly what happened to Marks and Spencer. In 1991, Sir Richard Greenbury took over Marks and Spencer for seven years and structured the company to fit the Functional design. He made the company very aristocratic and rigid where by â€Å"Head office knows best† (The Economist). This created an atmosphere where by the company focused on their products instead of focusing on their customers. Although Marks and Spencer grew and made huge profits within this time, in 1998 their profits fell very quickly and sharply. Marks and Spencer closed a chain of stores which they owned in Canada and rumours were spreading that they would also close two chains of stores which they owned in the United States. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s quick expansions and the aristocratic rule had definite visible implications on Marks and Spencer’s well-being. The combination of Marks and Spencer’s aristocratic rule and structure just couldn’t handle everything that was going on. Another one of Marks and Spencer’s weaknesses stemmed from their heavy reliance on inside promotions. The company would hire college students and have them work their way up the ladder. Very rarely did the company hire outside candidate for senior positions. This prevented outside innovations from coming into the organisation. In 1998 Marks and Spencer needed to do something drastic because it was losing out on its market share and their reputation was going down the tubes. The company decided it was time to restructure. The new structure of Marks and Spencer would be more like the Conglomerate or H-Form design. In this design the organisation is set up basically as a holding company comprised of unrelated products. The new Marks and Spencer would have seven different business units: women’s swear, men’s wear, lingerie, children’s wear, food, beauty, and home. This would allow the company to create a more flexible structure which could respond to the fast changing environment. This flexible structure would give autonomy to individual business units helping them tailor to their customers better. Marks and Spencer would no longer operate under the â€Å"head office knows best† principle and would give the customers what they really wanted. Another change was also made in the management of the company. At first, Peter Salsbury took over Marks and Spencer after Sir Richard Greensbury resigned and currently Luc Vandevelde heads the company. The company’s head management is running under a short term strategy in order to find someone who can lift Marks and Spencer out the hole. Luc Vandevelde came to the company in May 2000 and will stay on for a year unless he can turn the profits around. To help him out, Roger Holmes, an expert in profit turnaround and customer-focused organisational change, will also join Marks and Spencer in January of 2001 as executive director. The only problem facing the two is that neither have much experience in retailing food or clothing so if they can’t turn profits around, the company board will look to acquire a top level manager from Wal-Mart, the worlds largest retailer.Bibliography:

Describe the Variety of specifically religious programmes on the main television channels Essay Example

Describe the Variety of specifically religious programmes on the main television channels Essay In my coursework I will investigate the relationship between Religionand the media. I will also look at how religion is portrayed indifferent types of programmes and will investigate whether TV influences what we think of religion.The information that we receive is not always accurate because if there is someone talking about Christianity then it does not mean that they are telling the audience what all Christians believe but they could be telling what some or most Christians believe as in one religion there can be followers with a many different beliefs.The same goes for any religion and if a person is giving an interview about a religion and does not belong to that religion it does not mean that its absolutely correct. These interviews can sometimes create a stereotypical idea of a religion in our minds and it is not correct to do this, yet it is justified that someone should have an idea of a religion but not necessarily have a stereotype.Sometimes, the information can be reliable but not necessarily accurate because there can always be research carried out to find out more information that we have received. In certain television programmed there is also not enough time to go into too much detail and be able to know the whole information and so sometimes research does have to be carried out.There are many types of television programmes aired on television especially on a Sunday this is probably because a Sunday is commonly known as a Worship day known for the Christians as the Sabbath and one of the very famous programmes aired on TV is called Songs of praise which is shown on ITV in BBC1.Worship programmes are shown regularly on many channels such as Morning worship is shown at 8.10 am. This programme mainly shows a service exploring the theme of contentment from High fields Church in Cardiff, led by Rev Peter Baker. The programme also includes Readings: Psalm 34:4-18 and Philippians 4:8-20. This programme is a Christian programme but is not only aimed at t he followers of Christianity but those who like to explore religions in detail and are always keen to learn new things.A very good example of a religious discussion programme is The Big Questions. It airs on BBC1 at 10.00 am. In this programme Nicky Campbell presents a topical debate from Michaelston Community College in Cardiff. There are usually three main questions that are focused on such as on e.g.:* Should parents teach children that sex is wrong?To answer this question Nicky Campbell who is the host will first introduce the question further and also talk about a few points from an opposing argument as well as a supporting one. The question will then be open to the audience accompanying him and they will have the chance to express their views. The people giving the views will be parents and teachers, so the people that have different views to do with the question.* Do we place too much value on appearance?When the previous question has been answered then the second question is introduced and gone through the same procedure.* Should we have a right to privacy?Then finally the last question is introduced, also gone through the same procedure. When answering the question not the same people are asked to answer the question because it is encouraged to have a vast variety of different views and so many people are asked to answer the question.This people on the 1.03.2009 discussed different views taken from the audience surrounding Nicky Campbell and there are also special guests such as doctors or teachers and people who have personally been involved in something linked to these questions. This programme does not only cover religious issues but moral issues as well. It would mainly appeal to 15 years and plus age group because it is also very educational, also because the audience gets involved usually the viewer gets involved as well.Religious documentaries can last from one to one and a half hours and are shown on BBC2 in Channel 4. A very good documentary that we recently watched was Everyman this covered the topic of Death Row very effectively. We had Sister Helen always talking about all the things that she witnessed and how her feelings were at that time. We were also shown the work she did and the people she worked with. We are shown that despite being a Christian and sister what kind of views she has. This programme was very informative and every age group above 16 would be attracted to this as it is so interesting. The programme is also very emotional and there is a sympathy that you can feel for them as well.Songs of Praise is a worship programme. Worship programmes are thelongest running type of specifically religious programme. Most worshipprogrammes are to do with the Christian faith and contains hymns,sermons, readings from The Bible and interviews.Songs of praise comes on at BBC 1 at around 5.00 pm. The programme that I watched was on the 6th June.2009.The programme is about The Church and covers certain ones in each epis ode in this case the church in central London was covered we are not only shown hymns throughout the programme but gain general knowledge about Trafalgar square in the heart of London. We learn about the reasons for certain statues being there, and about some other architectural master pieces around there.At intervals there are different people singing first it was local people and then it went to the Choir singing which repeat after some information in the programme has been given, all the campaigns that have and are being held in the square and the previous protests that were carried out. It also tells about the of Christians that were involved and how some things carried out relate to the actions of Christ.It is mainly aimed at Christians but other people can watch it since it contains interviews and history about places. People would like it because it is a programme which can increase your knowledge but then others might not because it mainly covers Christianity and not the ot her religions.I personally think that this programme is really good because it is educational and also has a society because there are people in it that come together such as the choir and not only tat but also talk about some of the architectural objects and places around which gives a feel of togetherness and community within it and that is what makes a programme interesting. It does not only consist of hymns but has praise of Christ, local singers, normal people and God. Overall I think that everyone should be attracted to this but there are people that might not agree with me in this such as even some Christians themselves because in this programme when the viewers are shown that there are protests being held to get their message across then the Christians might have the believe that this is not right because their religion should be shown as being a peaceful and calm religion and not a forcing one which uses the power of its people to get what they want.A (ii): EuthanasiaIn ou r lesson we covered the topic of Euthanasia. Euthanasia means a gentle and easy but very commonly assisted death. One source we used to demonstrate this was the soap opera called Holby City which covered the issue of Euthanasia and also portrayed how a topic like Euthanasia is covered in the media. This topic was shown like a Fairytale and seemed like it was easy and could be performed by anyone in a calm and very happy manner.In Holby City we saw a woman called Gina who wants to end her life with the support of her friend. She is a Citizen of the United Kingdom but does not seem to take pride of that fact as in the UK you are not at any rate eligible to end your own life because it is illegal and if there is another person assisting the victim then there are severe consequences because that person broke the law.However there are some countries where Euthanasia is legal e.g.:Switzerland, Belgium, Holland. Gina decides to go to Switzerland where this is possible as well as legal and where she can go and fulfil her last wishes.In Switzerland Gina is assisted by her friend who is a doctor in the UK called Connie. Gina has not got the courage to tell her husband about the decision she has taken and is afraid of the fact that he will not bear her ending her life this way and make her come back home. He is also a doctor in the UK, she believes that her husband loves her too much. She wants her husband to lead a happier life without her as she thinks she is a large burden on her husband. She is so fed up of herself and can not stand to see her not being free and independent.While she is Switzerland she wishes to see her Husband and whenever his name is mentioned she gets into this depressed and upset mood. Connie can not bear to see her friend in such pain and so Elliot her Husband of what she is up to. Elliot hearing of this news takes the first plane to Switzerland to meet his beloved wife.When Gina is told this she is very delighted and is thankful to her friend t hat the last person she wanted to see before leaving this world is really going to be by her side.When her husband arrives they have a beautiful time together at a hotel and talk about all the things they have been through previously and how much they cherish each other. Both of them spent hours with each other and are not aware of what time it actually is. They are only happy to be with each other and want to talk about things that they have not talked about for almost a lifetime.In Switzerland euthanasia is treated in a very positive way. The beautiful scenery of flowers and mountains suggest that euthanasia is a good way to die. It is shown that it is a beautiful death because of Ginas appearance she is so well dressed, the new long cream coat, new hair cut, very light but attractive make up, as though she is ready to go on a date there is a day filled with happiness ahead of her. Looking at her in this state did not make her look sick at all and despite her having the motor neu ron disease she still is able to walk and every thing else is perfect.The music which was being played in the background called daydream was very calm and gave this romantic atmosphere.In the last few hours of Ginas life she says a few things to her husband: This is exactly how I planned it This quote suggests that she had always planned an easy and good death. There it is indeed nothing to be scared of she has been pilot of her own life, now she is the pilot of her own death.She argues that in the UK:Only Dogs are allowed to die with dignity but NOT Humans.This shows that Gina clearly thinks that one should be allowed to end their own life in peace, but England will always keep humans in pain who have the wish to end their lives and not be a burden towards their loved ones.Finally Gina died gracefully in her husbands arms after having the drink which contained the drug.Commenting on this soap opera I personally think that this Episode showed Euthanasia as being good. However, many people believe that God is the only one who crates life and he only has the right to take it away. We humans should respect this and make something out of the lives we are given. As Holby City covers the topic of euthanasia it is a great example of how an important topic like this is covered in the media and portrayed to make people feel differently about it. In this case as mentioned before euthanasia is shown to be something which should be tried by everyone and if it is not tried by everyone then it is a real shame because if someone has the advantage of having such a calm and dream fulfilled death then it is really a great opportunity to miss out on to not take advantage of it. The soap is literally telling us that why should you die a hurtful death filled with sadness and upset people when you have the solution right there for you need to meet the doctors, tell them that you have had enough of your life that you can not endure the pain anymore as death is shown as, nothing to worry about and no stress whatsoever.Christians oppose with the whole idea of Euthanasia because they believe all human life is made by God. God created every person, whether sick, healthy, disabled or able-bodied. Christians believe euthanasia is equivalent to murder as mentioned in the Bible. Christians believe that in a way we do not own our bodies. In the New Testament, Paul says You do not belong to yourself. Christians believe only God has a right to give or take a life. They believe that God has a plan for our life, even when we are suffering. Even if we think our life has finished, Christians believe God can use our life.However there is a minority of Christians who accept Euthanasia. They say that there is nothing in the Bible which states that a person must be kept alive at all costs. Jesus summarized the commandments of the Bible with the two Great Commandments Love God and Love your neighbour as yourself. These Christians say that sometimes it is the most loving thing t o do to allow a terminally ill patient to have euthanasia.I personally think that euthanasia is wrong and should not be legal in any country. If God has granted us life, it is for a reason and we should make use of that and take advantage of the things we possess and have control over. We should make ourselves useful and not mourn over things but we should think about the individuals who will give up anything to live the lives we are living and as the Prophet Mohammad (saw) says:Hearsay is not like seeingOne should really believe in something he knows for sure and has seen it with their own eyes but not get something positive out of this episode of Holby City because that is only a soap opera and a fictional programme.A (iii): Film GhostThe film I have chosen to study is called Ghost, it follows the theme of Life after Death and stars Demi Moore and Patrick Swayze as the two lead characters in the film.The storyline portrays a happy couple that get split from one anotherdue to the tragic death of Sam, played by Patrick Swayze. DemiMoore plays his girlfriend, Molly who struggles to come to terms with his death.When Sam got killed he did not go to heaven nor hell, butbecame a ghost and watched over his partner that he was forced to leave behind. As a ghost Sam became aware of why he was murdered anddiscovers that his Mollys life is in danger as well and so does all that he can to stop her from being killed too.Christians believe that when you die you go either to heaven orhell. Hell is a place where people go to live another life of eternalpunishment. Those sent to hell by God committed sins or deeds that he does not approve of. Hell is a place of disaster and destruction, a place for deep, sincere punishment. However, some Christians do believe that going to hell is not always a decision made by god, but by the individual. Christians believe that heaven is a place to be with god in unity. A place where all trouble disappears and everyone lives in harmony. The joyful and pleasant surroundings sort out anything that is left unfinished upon earth.Sam discovered that his lovers life was in danger, he had to find a way to communicate with her, and eventually was able to speak to Molly through a medium, Ode May Brown.Being able to say good bye to a loved one is seen as a great thing formany people to do and without it many people grieve even more for theyhave so many things that were never said. Like in the movie where Sam was never actually able to tell Molly through words how much he actually really loves her. Not to their surprise Molly did not believe the median and demanded proof in order to make herself believe what she was hearing then she was reminded from Sam through the Medium about the Sweater Molly knitted and the word ditto.The way that god takes you from the earth that he put you on is hisdecision and the time he does it is a decision of his too. He leavesyour body for the others on earth and takes your soul to heaven, hellor pur gatory. Depending upon where you go the soul is taken indifferent forms. We are shown in the film that if you are going to hell, a place where things are made for those who have not followed gods guidance then they are put into black. Creatures in long black coats that make unpleasant noises take the soul away. However, if the soul or ghost of a person is going to heaven then bright lights shine over them and have the free will to walk to heaven. If god does decides to place the soul in the place known as purgatory then a second body is created and that body lives the life until god to makes his final decision and also that is the same believe the same about the purgatory.Overall, reflecting upon all of the issues that this film raises I think that Christians would be pleased by the way that religious issues have been dealt with throughout. Even though there are no direct links to Christianity the film is built around a Christian structure. This film would appeal to everyone really and people of all ages can watch it but I think that mainly people who are interested as to what happens in Life after death would watch it and may be watch more movies linked to this topic and compare them. I would watch this film because I think that it is a very interesting film to watch covering the topic of Life after death. Also what some scriptwriters want to raise the awareness of e.g.: that souls are still roaming around if one their tasks are incomplete and also how they can get it done. However I think that people who have a modern mentality and their religion also does not teach about these matters will not find this film too attracted to because their attitude towards those matters will not change and they might end up finding this unrealistic as well as a waste of time.B: Television always presents religious people as out of touch with the modern world Agree or Disagree:I do not agree with the statement that religious people are always shown out of touch with the moder n world. As an overview, I would agree with the fact that some television writers do stereotype religious leaders and people as out of touch but some on the other hand do not. There are many examples present on everyday television that portray both sides of the argument from soaps to comedies and from dramas to films. I do understand the fact that some television writers have to make a religious person act in a certain way for the purpose of their production but that does not always have to be the case, sometimes the religious people are shown the way they are in real life such as there is a soap where there is The Vicar of Dibley a female Vicar and she acts nothing like the way a Vicar would e.g.: have sex before marriage. It is easy for people to say that religious people are out of touch with the modern world, but they might not even be really aware of the modern world. The modern world is the one we live in today, where religion is not an enormous issue for many people compared to 50 or 100 years ago. Today we live in such a diverse culture and are used to seeing so many religions and cultures together. Out of touch could mean a number of things as everyone has various ways of looking at a statement, but the basic idea that comes in my mind when I look at this statement is of being old-fashioned and not being capable of understanding the major issues of modern Society such as relationships, crime and politics.In East enders, a character called Alex was a protestant priest. The writers portrayed Alexs character as someone being committed to his job, a person over dedicated with work and out of touch with the modern world. In the soap, Alex had a friend called Sarah, a young teenage Christian who acted like Alex in terms of faith. She was very committed, enthusiastic, willing and was very social as she was always trying to share her views with anyone she could, with relatives, friends and neighbours. Alexs character changed dramatically as soon as he had a s exual relationship with a married woman. This made him more in touch with modern society in other words more human.The Vicar of Dibley is set in a rural village. All the characters are stereotype except from the vicar who is totally different. We have the village jester Alice Tinker she is married to the other village jester HugoHorton. Owen Newitt is one of the church council his breath stinks and he always swears. Now we come to the main character The Vicar Geraldine Grainger she is not a stereotypical vicar she swears, shes also always after men. The vicar of Dibley is nothing like a vicar she swears drinks and is always after men a stereotypical vicar would never do this and this makes he vicar fit in because it shows that she has a modern mentality and that her post does not come in her way of leading her life. That is also what the modern society like when people have something new and changed to show them.Film writers are also often accused of stereotyping religious people. I n the film Priest, the writers portrayed a couple of Catholic Priests, one of whom was trying to become more knowledgeable about everyday happenings in Society. This resulted in him breaking the Law of Celibacy by having a homosexual relationship with a man he met at a night-club. This situation did give him more knowledge about the issues faced by ordinary people in society, as the outcome of his deed meant that he lost his post. His dignity suffered because as a result of what he did the local newspaper reported the story. The priest may also have been considered as being out of touch in the film because when a young girl told him the story of her father committing incest at confession, he resisted the temptation to inform the mother to break the seal of the confessional.A similar event occurred in the police drama series A Touch of Frost, in which a Priest did break the seal and informed the police about a murderer confessing his guilt, therefore helping to catch the person who h ad come to confess in the church. This priest therefore put societys concerns above his duty to maintain confidentiality in confession.Many people would say that religious people do not have any fun or go out to enjoy them. I would disagree with this statement because not everybody has the same definition of fun. To a priest, fun may be his work or a work-related topic if that is what he enjoys. It was his choice to take up that post and fulfil the duty of a priest in the house of God.From all the evidence in my essay, I feel that I can justify concluding that the title statement is false. In todays society there are so many people that are influenced and there are not always good people out there. If a religious person does stay out of touch with the modern world then they might not get into things such as taking drugs and drinking alcohol. When we see celebrities today we hear everyday how someone has taken drugs and has been arrested but we do not see them linked with the religio us world and so they do not follow a faith. Whereas a person such as an Imam in Islam or a Priest in Christianity is at least protected from those kinds of bad things and does not need to worry. It is more about individual perspective about religion in the media because some people think that it some religions are portrayed inappropriately such as the Vicar of Dibley because that might make other religions think that Christians are not bothered of the purity of their religious posts.However, many characters in the variety of shows screened on terrestrial television today are seen by many as out of touch. By this it is meant that they are not willing to accept change and stick by their true traditional views. With todays world ever changing it means that out of touch people are made rare and are criticized more. Society today does not wait for people to catch up, and is leaving those who have pessimistic ideas behind. The changing world is ready for change and is so accepting change that is for the better and in some cases the worst. Quite simply someone who is in touch is the opposite of an out of touch person. If they are in-touch then they can appreciate things that are changing.I would look upon people like the Pope and Michael Willis as people who are out of touch for the reasons that they prefer to stick to the truly traditional views and that they have very backward opinions. Some fictional people in todays world who I would see as being out of touch are Dot Cotton (from East enders) and Harold Bishop (from Neighbours), I think this because they are both slightly older and thetelevision programs that they are in portray them as being too old to know any better. People Ned Flanders (from The Simpsons) is seen as being in-touch because he can bring humour into religion.Sports man Jonathon Edwards is an Olympic medal holder in his area of sport, the triple jump. Jonathon Edwards has made his religion of Christianity an important factor of his life, with the issues being things that are of great meaning andimportance to him. His sporting career is something that relates to his religion in some ways but not in others. In interviews relating to his sport he does not make references to his religion or make comments that might offend others. However, Jonathon Edwards does not want his sport to interfere with the truly traditionally values that come with his religion. For example at one sporting meeting Jonathon Edwards didnot want to jump because his event was being held on a Sunday. For Christians a Sunday is seen as being the holy day of rest and that traditionally it is the day that Christians use to go to church and worship god. Jonathon Edwards is somebody who I would class as being in-touch, for he can accept the views and opinions of others as well as keep his culture and tradition in mind.Generally I think that religious people are in touch with what is going on around them and can respond to these changes. It would be unfair to na me all religious people as being out of touch for the reason that there are many people who are not. When you walk down the street you will pass many deeply religious people without realizing it. They are not another type of person and do not wear large signssaying I am religious-keep clear. For many people it is not right to agree with the way that the world is changing and we have to agree with these opposing views for many agree with the views we have. I believe that everyone has the right to posses and express their own opinions freely. Everyone will have their own opinions of what they class to be in and out of touch and will see things differently.

Using the Spanish Verb Dejar

Using the Spanish Verb Dejar Like many other verbs, dejar has a basic meaning - in this case, to leave something somewhere - that has broadened over the centuries to be used under a wide variety of circumstances. Most of its meanings, however, pertain at least in a broad sense to the idea of leaving something (or someone) somewhere, placing something somewhere, or abandoning something. Dejar Meaning To Leave While to leave is one of the most common translations of dejar, it should not be confused with to leave in the sense of to leave a place, where salir is used. Thus, shes leaving tomorrow is sale maà ±ana, but I left my keys at home is dejà © las llaves en casa. Examples of dejar with its basic meaning: Dà ©jalo aquà ­. (Leave it here.) ¿Dà ³nde dejà © el coche aparcado? (Where did I park the car?)Dejarà © el libro en la mesa. (I will leave the book on the table.)Dejà © a Pablo en Chicago. (I dropped Pablo off in Chicago.) When the object of dejar is an activity or person, dejar can mean to leave, abandon or give up: Deja su carrera para irse a la polà ­tica. (He is leaving his career to go into politics.)Han fallado en sus tentativas de dejar el fumar. (They have failed in their attempts to quit smoking.)Dejà ³ a su esposa por la mujer que deseaba. (He abandoned his wife for the woman he wanted.) Dejar Meaning To Lend When an object is left with a person, dejar often means to lend. (The verb prestar can also be used with the same meaning.): Como era un buen jefe me dejaba su coche. (Since he was a good boss he would lend me his car.)Me dejà ³ su casa de vacaciones. (He let me use his vacation home.) ¿Me dejas tu telà ©fono?  (Could I borrow your phone?) Dejar Meaning To Pass On In many contexts, dejar can mean to give or to pass on: Mi madre me dejà ³ su capacidad de esperanza. (My mother passed on to me her capacity to hope.)Me dejà ³ su direccià ³n postal para escribirle. (He gave me his mailing address so I could write to him.)Cuando murià ³ me dejà ³ su panaderà ­a en su testamento. (When he died he left me his bakery in his will.)Siempre mi pap le dejaba la tarea mas difà ­cil a mi mama. (My father always passed the most difficult tasks to my mother.) Dejar Meaning To Leave Alone Sometimes, when the object of dejar is a person, it can mean to leave alone or to not bother:  ¡Dà ©jame! Tengo que estudiar. (Leave me alone! I have to study.)No nos dejaba en paz. (He did not leave us in peace.) Dejar Meaning To Allow Another common meaning of dejar is to allow or to let: No me dejaban comprar nada que no fuese reciclable. (They didnt let me buy anything that wasnt recyclable.)El faraà ³n se asustà ³ y dejà ³ salir al pueblo de Israel. (The pharaoh got scared and let the people of Israel go.) Using Dejar With an Adjective When followed by an adjective, dejar can mean to put or leave someone or something in a certain state or condition: La ley no dejà ³ satisfecho a nadie. (The law didnt satisfy anybody.)Me dejà ³ feliz, como ver un oasis. (It made me happy, like seeing an oasis.)El partido me dejà ³ rota la rodilla. (My knee got broken during the game.) Dejar Meaning To Delay or To Stop Sometimes, dejar means to postpone or delay:  ¿Por quà © no deja el viaje para maà ±ana? (Why not put off your trip until tomorrow?) The phrase dejar de usually means to stop or to give up: Hoy dejo de fumar. (Today I give up smoking.)La hepatitis A dejà ³ de ser una cosa de nià ±os. (Hepatitis A is no longer a childrens disease.)Nunca dejarà © de amarte. (Ill never stop loving you.) Using Dejar With Que Finally, dejar que usually means to wait until a certain time: Dejo que las cosas se sucedan naturalmente. (Im waiting until things happen naturally.)La madre no dejaba que los socorristas atendieran a su hija. (The mother didnt wait for the rescuers to help her daughter.)

Colonial History of the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Colonial History of the United States - Essay Example Each of the groups was very different from each other and came to settle here for a variety of reasons which included both religious and social aspects. They contributed ideas based on government, religion, family, gender and different occupations. Every colony had its own ‘distinct social, religious, political and economic structures’. During the period of Reconquista, both Spain and Portugal gained a lot of experience in conquests and as well as colonization. In addition to this, their skills at ship navigation served as tools to help them colonize the New World. During the 15th century, the leaders who ruled the European nations were the New Monarchs who strived hard to unify their nations. They created a strong and stable centralized government which made way for a burst of economic growth in Europe. This government brought about many good changes which included limiting the power created by the Feudal Aristocracy. Though a charter granted the rights of Englishmen to its subjects, yet they were not allowed to take an active part in their own government. A few years later, Sir Edwin Sandy brought about a radical change in the government by granting the colonists a share in its government which was ‘the first representative body in America’, (See Moreys "Genesis of a Written Constitution," Annals of American Academy, Vol. I p. 529 sq.) called the House of Burgesses. In society, gender differences were maintained. Both men and women worked alongside each other, but in their homes, women had to be subordinate to the authority exercised by their husbands following the patriarchal system of the family. The man was considered as the head of the family and he is the one who took all the major decisions where his family was concerned.  

Discuss the types of relational databases and their advantages Essay

Discuss the types of relational databases and their advantages - Essay Example In this scenario, the Join function is used to unite relations, the project operation is performed to identify attributes and the select queries are performed for accessing data. However, like other database models, a relational database also supports several other functions such as insert, update and delete (Oak, 2011). In relational databases, normalization plays a very important role. In addition, the relational activities, facilitated by the relational databases work in an excellent way with normalized tables. Additionally, relational databases support dynamic views, which is an important concept of databases. Though, in a relational database, a view is not acknowledged as an element of the physical design, since it is dynamic. In addition, views can divide data, combine and shorten several unnecessary relations, which reduce the data storage requirements. Another important advantage of relational database is that it uses SQL that is a simple and human-readable language (Oak, 2011). Moreover, relational databases offer an excellent security because they support access permissions, which facilitate the database administrator to apply need-based permissions in order to get access to the data stored in database tables. Furthermore, relational databases offer high level performance, power, and facilities to latest hardware technologies as well as a capability to deal with all types of data and users requirements (Oak,

21st century medication treatments. and 1960's medication treatments Research Paper

21st century medication treatments. and 1960's medication treatments - Research Paper Example has remained the same throughout the years, the ways of providing such treatment have changed, with the development of more efficient ways and medication to do so. Some diseases, which were previously thought to be untreatable, can now  be  more easily treated  than  before, and these include some mental disorders. In this paper, there shall be a comparison of the way treatments were done in the 1960s and how they are handled in the contemporary period. Among the areas to be discussed, include the medication that is given to patients, therapies, the various types of surgeries, and several minor treatments. In the twenty first century, there are medications for almost every medical condition, which is known to medical practitioners. These medications are based on a long period of research, and most have been proven to work extremely efficiently. Many of these medications have been designed to treat ailments and are continuously being improved to achieve the best result. However, most of the medications that are used in the twenty first century are dedicated to medical conditions, which are currently prevalent, and rarely are medications developed to deal with diseases that are thought to have been eradicated. This is highly risky because it enables such diseases as smallpox, which was thought to have been eradicated, to form new strains, which would be virtually untreatable using modern medicine. Despite this, it can still be said that contemporary medications have exceedingly improved the lives of people, and it has enabled people to lead normal lives despite some severe conditions wh ich they might have (Hitron 243). Medications in the 1960s were not advanced, as those used in the twenty first century, because  the technology used for their development was not advanced. However, it is during this period that research on various medical conditions began to be conducted so that cures could be found. It can be said that the medications used in the 1960s were still in

The client server architecture

The client server architecture Abstract In this assignment we talk about the client server architecture and its model and about its advantage and compare them with each other. Also provide some solution and comments about Hures Company. Introduction:- We are now in modern age of technology. Like old time we do not need to do our daily things with pen and paper now. Modern technology gives us the power to saves the time and work become more easy without any hassle .Now multinational companies using computer for their all task. So its become more essential for everybody for their daily needs and work. Everybody now depending on computer so its really important to build up relation between computers to computers and then we also need a server means powerful computer with high requirement .Server serve Client means the user .If server cannot control the client request then its become more complicated for every single users for that regain system can be crash .and technology update time by time so the system needs to be updated. If any company crate a system that can serve 100 employee but they have like 300 employee its not possible to cover everyone needs also its become pain for everyone to work with that system. So we need better s ystem design means Better client server architecture. With the right level of attention to client/ server systems and application design. But poor design can ruin this utopian vision; making upgrades every bit as painful, time-consuming, and costly as installing a new mainframe. Colin White writes that the benefit of client/server computing is the availability of Hardware servers that scale from a small uni-processor machine to a massively parallel Machine containing hundreds, possibly thousands of processors. Corporations can now match the computing power of the server to the job at hand. If a server runs out of capacity, the old server can simply be replaced by a larger one. This change can be made without affecting existing client workstation users or the tools they employ. This provides not only scalability, but also flexibility in handling hardware growth as compared with central mainframes where an upgrade is a major undertaking that is both costly and time consuming. (Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. ) Client-server architecture A web page (HTML page) that contains the same information for all users. Although it may be periodically updated from time to time, it does not change with each user retrieval. A program / script file executed on the web server in response to a user request. A CGI script is usually executed to process the data sent when a form filled in by a user is sent back to the web server. Server side scripting means that all of the code is executed on the server before the data is passed to the users browser. In the case of PHP this means that no PHP code ever reaches the user, it is instead executed and only the information it outputs is sent to the web browser PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.PHP pages typically have .phtml,php or .php3 file name extensions. An open source technology. ASP: Active Server Pages .A Microsoft technology. Extension .asp. JSP: Java Server Pages .jsp pages contain Java code. SSI: Server Side Includes. Involves the embedding of small code snippets inside the HTML page. An SSI page typically has .shtml as its file extension. With this technology now its become really easy to create large website and maintain it easily. Introduction to 2-Tier Architecture Two-tier client/server architectures have 2 essential components A Client PC and A Database Server Tier Considerations: Client program accesses database directly. Requires to code change to port to a different database. Potential bottleneck for data requests .High volume of traffic due to data shipping. Client program executes application logic. Limited by processing capability of client workstation (memory, CPU) .Requires application code to be distributed to each client workstation. (Less than 50 users). Introduction to 3-Tier Architecture 3-Tier client-server architectures have 3 essential components: A Client PC An Application Server A Database Server 3-Tier Architecture Considerations: Client program contains presentation logic only Less resources needed for client workstation No client modification if database location changes Less code to distribute to client workstations One server handles many client requests More resources available for server program Reduces data traffic on the network Comparing both types of architecture Tier 2 architecture is therefore a client-server architecture where the server is versatile means it is capable of directly responding to all of the clients resource requests. In tier 3 architecture however, the server-level applications are remote from one another, i.e. each server is specialized with a certain task eg:- web server/database server. Tier 3 architecture provides: Flexibility. Increased security at each level. Increased performance. Benefits of the Client/Server Model Cost savings. Scalability. Manage workflow. Provide multi-tier service Instrumentality Disadvantages of the client/server model Client/Server architecture also has the following drawbacks: increased cost: due to the technical complexity of the server a weak link: the server is the only weak link in the client/server network, given that the entire network is built around it! Fortunately, the server is highly fault tolerant (primarily thanks to the RAID system) (http://en.kioskea.net/contents/cs/csintro.php3) Problem Faced by Hures Company and its solution:- According to the problems faced by Hures, its Primarily, its not that system they made for future use .it did not have that capability to the handle the future demands or needs of the company. the developer of the system did not focused on the future strength of the system or the adjustment of the system, different changes on both external and internal environment which change the over flow of information in the company. In order to come up with the current problem of Hures system, Client-Queue-Client can be applied as alternative architecture. This uses a passive queue which allows the client instances to communicate directly with each other, which will refine their request from the services. This is helpful for Hures because it can help to support and prevent any problems that are related with the server (Exforsys Inc n.d.).. Client queue is used in order to take track of the number of client connections. Therefore, the server can trace which resources the client has obtained, and the server can release the resources after the client connection breaks down (Chan Leong 2003). Intranet is a network that is built by using the same tools and protocols that are used by the global Internet but applied instead to the internal network of an organization. It can be describe like a closed-circuit television system, which can be viewed only by those people within the organization that owns the system (Lowe 2009). Intranet site is a web site that is viewable only to those within the network of an organization. Even though based on the same protocols as the World Wide Web, an intranet is protected from the outside world either by not being connected to the outside or through a series of hardware and software obstacles known as a firewalll (Matthews Matthews 2003, p. 64). The development of an intranet web site using secure log cons to access the information is not a new idea. Many corporate locations use a secure internal site for vital information to be used by employees of the corporation and management only. The design of such a site could be simple using HTML, Java and CSS and may provide a variety of links to various databases stored within the network server(s). Security features can be enhanced by requiring the changing of passwords on individual users every thirty (30) days. Obviously, one counter position of establishing an internal web site would be that of cost and implementation. Depending upon the OS of the server, it would be necessary to create the web site and establish users with passwords to access the site. This would take some time to develop and the amount of individuals accessing the site would have to be considered in the overall budget required for implementation. Threats to the security of any open network system will always exist. Proper network monitoring on a continuous level severely reduces the risk of infiltration from outside sources. Network security should be the most important aspect of any company/corporation within the network structure. Reducing allowable events such as user abilities to plug in devices to their individual workstations, remote monitoring using camera feeds in various places within the office. Again, the cost of this will be substantial however, to maintain the integrity of the network should be of the highest priority and can reduce the severity of lost revenue. Disadvantages in intranet that its really expensive to maintain and setup. Need high qualified people or team to maintain its resources. Peer-to-peer and client-server architecture have different advantages and pros. It enables to take advantage of the wireless and Internet technology, at the same time, take advantage of the privacy and security which can be offered by client/server system. Intranet and internet both are famous worldwide so i will develop daily basis and needs to upgrade time wise. References: Books:- Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. Chan, A T S Leong, H V 2003, Cooperative Internet Computing, S:pringer. Lowe, D 2009, Networking for Dummies, For Dummies. Matthews, M, Matthews, C B Poulsen, E 2003, Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003: The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill Professional. Website:- http://members.tripod.com/ChannuKambalyal/NTierArchitecture.pdf http://www.webdevelopersnotes.com/basics/client_server_architecture.php3 Exforsy:-Peer-to-Peer and Client-Queue-Client Architecture, http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/client-server/peer-to-peer-and-client-queue-client-architecture.html [Accessed 17 February 2010]

Religion Vs Astronomy :: essays research papers

Religion and science have always been in direct competition with one another. The ultimate goal of science is to prove the inexistence of God with facts, while the existence in God is simply based on belief and faith. While 95% of the people living on Earth believe in a superior being of some sort, some might say that religion clouds the minds of otherwise logical individuals and makes it impossible for them to pursue the truth of the Universe. Thus, the debate on which view is the right one continues on, while somewhere in the middle stand religious followers who are also scientists. Many people claim that the belief in religion comes simply from the "need of something to believe in". However, it is difficult to argue against the fact that religion does not include its followers in something greater, then just a "need". It allows for an identification with a greater body of religious believers and for the inclusion in the love of a God. The only thing religion asks for in return is faith in its teachings which is made up of their morals and the existence of the God which they cherish and worship. In the movie "Contact", Ellie Arroway represents many scientists in the world. She is torn between religion and science, however she is unable to rely on the assumed truths of the teachings of religions. Science is the search for truth, it allows her to discover the truth for herself. As Palmer Joss later mentions in the movie, the purity of science is not involved in the furthering of technology. Technology is not the God that science seeks, for it seeks to create no God, science does not believe in any sort of God. As religion accepts the truths written in its texts and taught in its teachings, science continues, through research, to search for "the truth of the Universe".

A Mat Rempit is a Malaysian term

A Mat Rempit is a Malaysian term for â€Å"an individual who participates in illegal street racing†, usually involving underbone motorcycles (colloquially known as Kapcai) or scooters. Not all Mat Rempits are involved in street racing; some of them perform crazy stunts for fun, such as the wheelie, superman (lying flat on the seat), wikang, and scorpion (standing on the seat with one leg during a wheelie),or shuttu le katti. Mat Rempits usually travel in groups and race in bustling city centres on weekend nights.In recent times, Mat Rempits have been linked to gangsterism, gang robbery,[1][2] street fighting, assault,[3] vandalism, theft and bullying. Most motorcycles used by the Mat Rempits do not meet standard specifications, or have been modified extensively for greater speed, or just to make the exhaust noisier. Additionally, some Mat Rempits do not have valid motorcycle licenses, do not pay road taxes, and ride stolen motorcycles. [4][5] A growing number of housing estate s have also been turned into racing tracks. 6] It is estimated that there are about 200,000 Mat Rempits in Malaysia. [7] In some other countries, the term Mat Rempit is also used, but more to refer to one as a motorcycle lover or rider (Mat Motor), as opposed to an illegal motorcycle racer. Sometimes, the term â€Å"Mat Rempit† is misused to refer to any individual who rides an underbone motorcycle. Related to this is the Mat Konvoi, which claim to be the non-racing version of Mat Rempit.

Prevention Of Sexuall Harrasment In The Army essays

Prevention Of Sexuall Harrasment In The Army essays The elimination of sexual harassment has been a long-standing goal of the United States Army. During recent years the issue of sexual harassment has received significant political and media attention in both government and private sectors. This heightened awareness on the cause of sexual harassment has intensified national debate on prevention strategies. The Army has set up clear guidelines on how to train and educate people on how to both prevent and deal with sexual harassment. Sexual Harassment affects everyone. It detracts from a positive unit climate that promotes individual growth and teamwork. Sexual harassment victimizes males as well as females and can occur at any time, and is not limited to the workplace. For these reasons, the Army says that sexual harassment cannot and will not be tolerated (Army Command Policy 94). The Armys policy on sexual harassment is quite clear. Sexual harassment is unacceptable conduct and will not be tolerated (Army Command Policy 94). It also states that the leadership at all levels will be committed to creating and maintaining an environment conducive to maximum productivity and respect for human dignity. Another point the Army makes with this policy is that prevention of sexual harassment is the responsibility of every soldier and DA civilian. Leaders set the standard for soldiers and department of the Army (D.A.) civilians to follow. The Army basis its successfulness regarding this policy on mission accomplishment, and this can be achieved only in an environment free of sexual harassment. Websters Dictionary defines sexual harassment as the making of unwanted and offensive sexual advances or of sexually offensive remarks or acts, especially by one in a superior or supervisory position or when acquiescence to such behavior is a condition of continued employment, promotion, or satisfactory evaluation. The Army has clarified this definition even mor...

UNIT 1 Essay

UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Essay UNIT 1 Conner Le Vaast Task Local Community. UNIT 1: INVESTIGATING SCIENCE AT WORK: TASK 1 Summary of Varying Research Methods. The research methods that I chose to use, would be the Internet, using contact via E-mail, conversing over the phone, word of mouth and using the phone book. I found these research methods to be simplistic, easy to manage, and undergo, as they are all efficient, easy to access and use on a basic daily life, the internet being widely available nowadays and a fast, easy method of gathering information on the many scientific businesses in my area. The internet is easy to access, and easier to find information on varying businesses in the local area, able to research the common answers to the questions in general that I need to ask in order for this task. E-mail being similarly easy to access, sharing the same advantages but also possessing rather large disadvantages as e-mail requires the recipient to be there, to reply and give you the information that you are desiring. Verbally conversing over the phone, requires both you and the person you are wishing to talk to, to be there at all times, though the information you are receiving can be recorded and make track of, for future use, this also having both advantages, and apparent disadvantages, due to possible poor connection. Word of mouth, is often the most rewarding manner of receiving information, as you are physically there, talking to a person that either owns, or runs the business, and are able to get the information straight up, able to note it down as you feel the need, for use in the future and in my own opinion, is possibly at a disadvantage, as you need to ensure you are there at a suitable time or day, as quite a few businesses are not open at most times. Finally, using a phone book is often handy, but you cannot get the information you need directly, without making use of another form of communication, this most likely being the telephone, in this case in particular. To conclude, all of these methods of gathering information have their own advantages and disadvantages, and you can mix these, to minimise the disadvantages while collecting the data you need. Evaluation of Research Methods. Business and what I got out of it: Shred-it: From this business, I learnt the basic processes of shredding and destroying paper waste and the importance of this in the working world, as well as the basic business and management qualifications required to work there. Future Cleaning Services ltd: This is a business that deals in commercial cleaning and the disposal of products in the vaying scientific manners that they undergo as well as communal area cleaning and upkeep, dealing with cleaning material and supplies also, this requiring basic scientific qualifications to effectively work in this business. Morley Chinese Acupuncture and Herbs: This business deals with Muscular and neurological clinic, skin problems (warts, vitiligo and urticarial) clinic, infertility clinic and other similar treatments, this requiring some basic and advanced qualifications to work in, due to the nature of the work here. Spectrographic ltd: This is a business/service that deals with metallographic products and equipment for material science analysis and quality inspection procedures, as well as specialist advice in material sample perception, computer based image analysis and microscopic inspection, this obviously requiring rather advanced qualifications to work in, these mostly needing to be scientific. Nation wide laboratories ltd: These are independent veternity laboratories dedicated to the improvement of animal health through direct support of veternity practices in the UK and worldwide for the last 30 years, these requiring specific veternity qualifications to work in , due to the nature of the service. The plastic art co ltd: This business deals in print finishing solutions: The sciences of print

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 5

Criminal law - Essay Example Most of the campaigners for euthanasia are those directly affected by this, in that, they are themselves suffering from a terminal illness, or have a loved one that has been diagnosed with a terminal illness. The impetus behind the legalisation stems from the desire to end the suffering of the loved one or their own suffering if they are the one diagnosed with the terminal illness. This paper aims to discuss how the courts should deal with the issue of euthanasia and whether it is time for a change in legislation so that those assisting a loved one to die would not have to fear the possibility of criminal charges for their actions. It is important to make the distinction between active and passive euthanasia in order to assess the way in which the criminal and civil courts have determined the legality of the treatment. With active euthanasia the person’s death is brought about by the deliberate administration of medication to terminate the life of that person. Conversely, passive euthanasia occurs where treatment of the patient is refused or terminated, culminating in the death of the patient. A common use of this form of euthanasia would involve the removal of ventilation equipment to assist the breathing of the patient, or the removal of a feeding tube. In some cases, where a patient is critically ill, the relatives of the patient might instruct the doctors not to administer treatment if the patient goes into cardiac arrest. Although active and passive euthanasia will have the effect of terminating the life of the patient, the courts seem to be more readily able to accept passive euthanasia over activ e euthanasia. Part of the reasoning behind this stems from the notion that a patient is entitled to refuse to undergo treatment that will prolong their life, but they are not allowed to insist on any treatment that will hasten their

If you agree or disagree that the company is paying too much for their Assignment

If you agree or disagree that the company is paying too much for their CEOs. Is it justify or not justify for the large companies - Assignment Example The hard work is carried out by junior employees or other managers such as the human resource manager, the finance manager and others. They then take the finished work to the CEO for approval which is in the form of a mere signature after every detail of the work being explained to them. They also just make appearances in public as the face behind the success of the company while they truly are not. Most of these CEOs are actually just puppet leaders in the company and especially in those companies where there is a board of directors. The board of directors makes the final decision which the CEO then signs and disseminates to the rest of the staff. This is a clear indication of the lack of work they carry out and hence do not deserve such a large salary. It does not matter whether the company is large or not like the 21st Century Fox. If the company is making too much money to the extent of awarding its CEO such a large salary and on top of it all gets awarded other multiple benefits, then they should distribute some of these profits to the best performing employees as a motivation to the rest. It can also be put into corporate social responsibility to assist the rest of the society. If this decision cannot be made by the CEO himself, to refuse to accept such a large salary, then the CEO is selfish. It is understandable that the CEO has worked hard to reach that position and hence deserves the high pay as a reward for the past efforts but the pay should still not be ridiculously high. There are many people that are suffering in the world and can use a little financial assistance from the corporates. The maximum salary should be an average of $2 million in addition to the other fringe benefits and the extra money be used to provide the assistance to those in need in the society. True CEOs who are true and genuine leaders should take a pay cut otherwise they will be classified with the

What are GMOs What is the controversy that sounds them Essay

What are GMOs What is the controversy that sounds them - Essay Example Today the term GMO is mainly being used to refer to the production of genetically modified food products. This is because with the assistance of genetic modification process, scientists have been able to produce agricultural products and these products have started replacing naturally grown agricultural products. Production of food products through the process of genetic modification is escalating day by day and it has already been recorded that crops that have been genetically modified are being planted over an area of more than 100 million hectares in various underdeveloped and developed regions (Pinstrup-Andersen 76). The reason for the increase in production of genetically modified crops is that these crops can be produced in a much effective and efficient manner and these crops are being considered as one of the solutions to the issue of world hunger and depleting resources. Even though there is an increase in the production and demand for genetically modified crops and food pro ducts, several controversies have surrounded the important segment of the society. These controversies include the public’s perception regarding GM foods, the impact of GM foods on human health and wellbeing and the labeling of these food products. The perception of the consumers is one of the major issues that are surrounding GMOs. The problem is that people are confused whether GMOs are healthy or they pose a threat to the lives of human beings. It has not yet been established that GMOs do not harm the health and wellbeing of human beings. Researchers have even ended up with contradictory research. Certain researchers have established that GMOs are healthy for human beings while certain have even proved that GMOs can negatively impact the health and wellbeing of human beings. The distributed and varying perception of the public is a major concern for the future and acceptability of GMOs. Magnusson conducted a research on the perception of the general public

U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Weapon Programs Essay Example for Free

U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Weapon Programs Essay Thesis Statement: Replacing the Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) with the Reliable Replacement Warhead Program (RRW) may alleviate existing issues concerning the long-term reliability, safety, security, and manufacturing of U. S. weapons. However, the RRW has been cancelled due to the overwhelming concern of long-term funds to maintain RRW and Democrats feel as though the RRW is not a proven technology (GlobalSecurity. org). However, the RRW should be used as a motive not to continue nuclear testing. Currently, the SSP consists of worn weapons that are costly to maintain and are subjected to underground testing (Boyer 303). Implementing the RRW will provide cost-efficient and reliable weapons that are manufactured to last with fewer obligations to nuclear underground testing. Implementing the RRW would be a good investment for this reason alone. Overall, replacing the SSP with the RRW will establish new cost-efficient weapons with less maintenance that are less prone to underground nuclear testing; provide state-of-the art technology to protect the U. S. from terrorist’s intrusions – such as hacking and unauthorized usage, and create an efficient method for securing the decreasing stockpile. 1) Long Term Reliability of U. S Weapons. The maintenance of refurbished weapons may become more complicated due to aging. The RRW addresses this issue by implementing new weapons that are cost-efficient and safe thus providing reliable and safe weapons for the U. S. According to the article, A New Nuclear Warhead, â€Å"The RRW is committed to the smallest nuclear stockpile consistent with our security; to safe, secure and reliable weapons; and to the current nuclear testing moratorium. † Refurbished weapons tend to need more maintenance and are subject to nuclear underground testing. 2) The Safety and Security of U. S. Weapons. The SSP may not be sufficient to meet future goals pertaining to the safety and security of U. S Weapons. In the article, Reliable Replacement Warhead, â€Å"RRW aims to make US nuclear weapons safer and more secure against unauthorized use by incorporating state-of-the-art security features that cannot be retrofitted to older weapons. The ultimate goal is to transition to a smaller, more responsive nuclear infrastructure that will enable future administrations to adjust the US nuclear stockpile as geopolitical conditions warrant. † (26) 3) Maintenance of Existing Weapons may become more expensive with the SSP. Refurbished weapons require more maintenance than newer weapons thus requiring additional funds to sustain current conditions of the weapons. According to the Department of Defense news release, Kenneth Krieg states that the implementation of the RRW will reduce stockpile size by permitting new weapons with less maintenance. Newer weapons will need less maintenance and in return will be less applicable to additional funding. Members of the Nuclear Weapons Council are confident that incorporating the RRW will permit a more positive and cost-effective infrastructure by employing improved computational and experimental tools to administer the technical base (U. S. Strategic Command 1). 4) Implementing the New RRW Plan. The RRW intends to implement newer U. S weapons with higher-performance ratings and advance safety and security features while providing a less expensive maintenance plan. After examining the article in Bulletin of Atomic Scientist, the RRW is aimed at accomplishing a more cost effective and efficient method of securing the decreasing stockpile to be more reliable and safe (Drell 48). Incorporating the RRW will provide the tools necessary to ensure that nuclear underground testing is less likely to be required for future designs (A Different Kind of Complex 1). Conclusion: Unfortunately, the RRW has been cancelled due to the overwhelming concerns of long-term funds to maintain RRW and Democrats feel as though the RRW is not a proven technology. However, the RRW should be used as a motive not to continue nuclear testing. Implementing the RRW will alleviate the SSP of existing issues concerning the long-term reliability, safety, security and manufacturing of U. S weapons that are less prone to underground nuclear testing. Overall, RRW will serve as a solution to the ongoing concerns of underground nuclear testing. Works Cited Arm Control Association. â€Å"A Different Kind of Complex: The Future of U. S. Weapons and the Nuclear Weapons Enterprise. †(1997-2009): 3 March 2009 http://www. armscontrol. org/print/3454 A New Nuclear Warhead. (Editorial Desk)(Letter to the editor). The New York Times. (30 Jan 2007): A20(L). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Apollo Library. 3 Mar. 2009 http://find. galegroup. com/ovrc/infomark. do? contentSet=IAC-Documentstype=retrievetabID=T004prodId=OVRCdocId=A158559391source=galeuserGroupName=uphoenixversion=1. 0 Boyer, Paul S. â€Å"Nuclear Weapons. † The Oxford Companion to the United States History. Oxford University Press. (2001): 303 Department of Defense news release. (2March 2007): Reliable Replacement Warhead Design Decision Announced http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF Global Security for America. â€Å"U. S. Strategic Commands Supports RRW Strategy. † (2007) 2 March 2007 http://www. stratcom. mil/default. asp? page=newsarticle=14 GlobalSecuirty. org. â€Å"Weapons of Mass Destruction. Reliable Replacement Warhead. † (2009) 11 March 2009 http://www. globalsecurity. org/wmd/systems/rrw. htm Interavia Business and Technology. â€Å"Reliable Replacement Warhead. † (2007): 3 March 2009 http://find. galegroup. com/itx/start. do? prodId=ITOF

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act

Stop and search, and the Human Rights Act PART A The power of stop and search is a general term used to describe the powers of police or occasionally the officials to search the members of public in a various context without a warrant.[1] Such powers are governed primarily under Part 1 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). [2] Besides PACE 1984, there are other legislation which governs the power of stop and search. For example, s23 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971[3], s60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (CJPOA)[4] and s47A of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT)[5]. The power of stop and search under TACT were previously governed under s44, but were ruled illegal by the European Court of Human Rights, stating that the power were too widely drawn and open to abuse.[6] S44 were than formally replaced with s47A by the Terrorism Act 2000 (Remedial) Order 2011[7] on the 18 March 2011, by more limited measures in England, Wales and Scotland. All legislations which governs police power of stop and search similarl y aim to prevent and deter crimes, however, there is still some difference in the regulations of such powers, between Part 1 of the PACE 1984 and s47A of the TACT 2000. Statistic showed that approximately 1.1 million stops and searches are recorded under Section 1 of the PACE 1984, in the year of 2011/2012. [8] No searches were made by the police in 2011/12 or 2012/13 in Great Britain under s47A of TACT.[9] A low detection rate alone does not necessarily undermine the use of stop and search powers. Proponents of the power, especially under terrorism legislation, argue that its use disrupts and deters criminal activity rather than simply detecting it.[10] The first and utmost obvious difference in the powers of stop and search in relation to both PACE 1984 and TACT 2000 are that both legislation have different aim of search. Part 1 of the PACE 1984 provides power to stop and search for a range of items including stolen property, offensive weapons, prohibited articles under s1(7) PACE, controlled drugs or evidence that a person is a terrorist.[11] Whereas, powers under TACT 2000 were to search for evidence of terrorism. An officer exercising the stop and search powers may only do so for the purpose of searching for evidence that the person concerned is a terrorist or that the vehicle concerned is being use for the purposes of terrorism, as opposed to the purpose under section 45(1)[12] of searching for articles of a kind which could be used in connection with terrorism. [13]. The meaning of terrorists are defined under section 40(1) (b) of the 2000 Act. In addition, the regulation of the power of stop and search are different in terms of the powers where exercisable. Under Part 1 of the PACE, the power of stop and search may be exercise by constable at any time, but only in public places, and non-dwelling places to which the public have ready access.[14] This includes public transport, museums, sports ground, cinemas, pubs, restaurants, night club, banks and shops. Whilst power of stop and search under S47A only allows a constable with uniform to search at a specific area for a defined period [15]with authorisation by an officer of ACPO rank who reasonably suspects that an act of terrorism will take place.[16] Next, the difference of regulations of both PACE and TACT in the power of stop and search by the police are the matter of authorisation. Under Part1 of the PACE, the constable are allow to conduct searches as long as they are having the reasonable ground of suspicion that relevant offences will be found. [17] There are no mention of needing authorisation by officer of a higher ranking before conducting stop and search unlike S47A of TACT. Under this section, authorisation by a senior police officer are essential before stop and search could be conduct by any constable in uniform. [18]Authorisation will only be given if an officer reasonably suspect that an act of terrorism will take place[19] and consider that the authorisation is crucial to prevent such an act and that the areas or places specified in the authorisation are no greater than is necessary and the duration[20] of the authorisation is no longer than is necessary to prevent such an act. The requirement for an authorisation are given in the Code of Practice[21] where an authorisation under section 47A may only be made by an officer of ACPO or ACPOS rank. The authorisation would include details of how the exercise of the powers is necessary to prevent the act of terrorism.[22] In most statutory provisions including PACE which grants police the power to stop and search, there is a requirement that the police must have a reasonable ground of suspicion that the person is in possession of an item of a specified kind. [23] Although there was no definition of reasonable ground of suspicion laid down in the legislation, Code of Practice A, under PACE had provided some sort of guideline as to what constitute reasonable suspicion. Para 2.2 explained that reasonable grounds for suspicion will depend on the nature in each case. [24] There must be some objective basis for that suspicion based on facts, information and/or intelligence that are relevant to the likelihood of finding an article of a certain kind.[25] Reasonable suspicion can never be supported on the basis of personal factors. Officers must rely on intelligence or information about or some specific behaviour by the person concerned.[26] For example the nature of the articles suspected of being carried, th e time and place where the person or vehicle is or the behaviour of the person suspected. The case of Howarth v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis (2011)[27] explained that reasonable cause for suspicion is a lower standard that which would be required to establish a prima facie case.[28] It allows police officer to take into account matter that would not be admissible as evidence. In comparison, the power conferred under S47A TACT 2000 can be exercised without reasonable suspicion. An authorisation by a senior police officer allows searches by any constable in uniform in specified areas or places without reasonable suspicion to find evidence related to terrorism. The authorisation would provide explanation which allows stopping and searching of individuals and/or vehicles without suspicion is necessary to prevent the suspected act of terrorism.[29] To conclude, although both PACE and TACT have different regulations in terms of the power of stop and search, however what remains the same is that the underlying principles of stop and search are intended to promote its use in a fair and effective manner. An officer may not search a person where there is no legal basis to do so, even with an individual’s consent. Stop and search must be done in a courteous and respectful manner and the length of detainment must be kept to a minimum even when the officer is lawfully entitled to search a person of vehicle. [30] PART B The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) came into force in the United Kingdom in October 2000. [31]This legislation gives effect in the UK to certain fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Under section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998, public bodies such as the court, police, local council and all other bodies carrying out the public functions must comply with the Convention rights. This means, individuals can now take human rights cases in domestic courts and they no longer have to go to Strasbourg to argue their case in the European Court of Human Rights.[32] With the HRA 1998 coming into force, the power of stop and search had made some impact on the regulation and use of the power of stop and search in some way. In relation to the use of power of stop and search, public bodies are required to exercise such power in compliance to the convention rights. The legal framework for protecting the fundamental human rights contained in the HRA 1998 allows the public to rely on the articles when they are being stopped and searched. When powers of stop and searched are exercise, the public bodies are required to exercise it in such a way that it is necessary and proportionate. [33]Article 5, 8 and 14 of the HRA 1998 would be more relevant in the matter of stop and search. Article 5 ensures the right to liberty and security of person. [34]The right in Article 5 is limited, which means that there are certain circumstances or situation where deprivation of liberty is lawful.[35] Article 8 protects people from arbitrary interference in their private and family right. [36] The act of being subject to a search, which may take place in public, and may include a search of a person, their clothing or personal b elongings will interfere with Article 8 rights. Article 8 is a qualified right, and Article 8(2) provides exceptions enabling interference with the right, for example in the interests of national security, or the prevention of crime.[37] Any interference with a person’s Article 8 rights will need to come within one of the exceptions allowed under Article 8(2), and be in accordance with the law, necessary and proportionate. In addition, Article 14[38] allows people to enjoy the Convention rights without any discrimination. In another words, individual must not be stopped or searched purely because of their race or religion. The power of stop and search would only be compatible with human rights if they are used legitimately and proportionately.[39] Evidence shows that stop and search powers that do not require reasonable suspicion, as well as those under PACE, may be used in a way that is discriminatory because certain ethnic communities are more likely to experience stop and search than others. However, the black and minority ethnic groups, particularly the black people, have for many years been disproportionately at the receiving end of police stop and search. Joel Miller in his article ‘Stop and Search in England, A Reformed Tactic or Business As Usual?’ suggested that the treatment towards the black and the minority had always been discriminatory. This is evident in surveys such as the Smith and Gray 1985, Willis 1983, Young 1994, and others. [40]The government statistics particularly from the Ministry of Justice 2009 had suggest that the black people in England and Wales in the year of 2007/2008 are more likely to be searched eight times more than white people and Asian people more than twice, for searches which requires reasonable ground of suspicion.[41] The power of stop and search under Terrorism Act 2000 were previously governed under s44, but were ruled illegal by the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Gillan and Quinton v United Kingdom[42]. After the incident of 911, the Home Secretary and senior police officers established the practice of making authorisations continually under section 44 to cover the whole of metropolitan London.[43] The police justified their act by claiming that there was now a generalised threat of terrorism in London and it was likely to manifest in any large-scale public gathering, and that it would be impractical to make narrower. In this case, Kevin Gillan and Pennie Quinton were attending a demonstration in London in the year of 2003. Both of them were stopped and searched by the police under S44 Terrorism Act 2000. They subsequently brought a judicial review regarding the power of stop and search on the basis that there was no evidence of terrorism showed by the protestor on that day. They claimed that the stop and search was an interference with their rights to liberty, respect for privacy, and the right to freedom of expression and assembly. [44]In March 2006, the House of Lords heard Gillan and Quintons appeal against the refusal of the lower courts to allow their claim. Lord Bingham and his fellow Law Lords ruled that section 44 was itself compatible with Convention rights, there were sufficient safeguards against arbitrary use of the power, and that there was no evidence that the section 44 power had been exercised unlawfully. [45] Gillan and Quinton took their complaints further to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. In January 2009, the Court ruled that the searches under section 44 had violated their right to respect for their private life under article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). [46] As a result of a legal challenge made by the European Court of Human Rights, and as a part of the UK government’s commitment to introduce safeguards against the misuse of powers under TACT, the Home Secretary conducted a review of these powers.[47] One of the recommendations of the review was that stop and search powers under section 44 of TACT should be repealed and replaced with a much more targeted and proportionate power. [48] The Home Secretary therefore made a remedial order under section 10 [49] of the Human Rights Act 1998 to make immediate changes to the legislation. This new power came into force on 18 March 2011.[50] Section 47A of TACT allows the police to stop and search persons in order to prevent acts of terrorism, without reasonable suspicion of their involvement in terrorism. Searches under this power may only be authorised in a specific area for a defined period where the police reasonably suspect an act of terrorism will take place.[51] Stop and search powers provided under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the Firearms Act 1968 [52] and the Road Traffic Act 1988 [53]all require a reasonable suspicion that the person stopped is in possession of prohibited goods or has committed an offence.[54] By contrast, stop and search powers provided under section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and section 47A do not require any grounds of reasonable suspicion. Although S47A can be said as an improvement of the previous law, however the power of stop and search without reasonable suspicion had always been an issue. Many are in the view that such power of stop and search without the need of reasonable suspicion is inherently incompatible with the Convention. [55]The justification is that the lack of any requirement for reasonable suspicion renders selection for stop and search arbitrary and invites discrimination in the exercise of the power.[56] Rabinder Singh QC, Professor Aileen McColgan and the Human Rights Watch are in the view that the nature of stop and search without the need for reasonable suspicion is incompatible with right to respect for private and family life under Article 8 of HRA 1998.[57] In their view, even with the best guidance to officers as to how to exercise the power, cannot be rendered compatible with Convention rights because of the irreducible arbitrariness of the selection of individuals to subject to the power.[58] In Human Rights Watchs view, the only human rights compatible power to stop and search is one which requires reasonable suspicion. The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) itself, however, does not appear to share this view that a power to stop and search without reasonable suspicion is inherently incompatible with Article 8 and other Convention rights. [59]In its submission, it recognises that there may be very exceptional circumstances in which it is necessary for there to be a power to stop and search without reasonable suspicion ,for instance to prevent a real and immediate act of terrorism or to search for perpetrators or weapons following a serious incident. [60] In terms of the protection under the power of stop and search, any individual who were searched unlawfully may seek a remedy under the Human Rights Act 1998 for an unjustifiable breach of their rights to liberty, respect for private life or to be free from discrimination. [61] All in all, the Human Rights Act 1998 had made some significant impact on regulations and use of the power to stop and search by the public bodies. It is safe to argue that the law in terms of the stop and search power had improved significantly, particularly S47A TACT 2000, which minimize the abuse of power and act in compliance with the Convention rights. With the legislation coming into force, it does not only provide guidelines to the authorities, it also provides momentous protection to the public when the power to stop and search are exercise on them. In any circumstances which the public authorities abuse or misuse the power to stop and search, judicial review would be a mechanism to hold them into account. It was suggested that, when there is misuse of power, judicial review offers the public a relatively quick, effective and inexpensive means of securing their rights through scrutiny of the lawfulness of police action by a specialist judge. [62]The bases on which it can be a rgued that the police have acted unlawfully were importantly expanded by the enactment of the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998. [1] ‘Stop and search under the Terrorism Act 2000’ (Justice) http://www.justice.org.uk/pages/stop-and-search-under-the-terrorism-act-2000.html accessed 17 November 2014 [2] Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 [3] Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 [4] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 [5] Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) [6] Adam Wagner, ‘Stop and search powers under review as European Court reject UK appeal ‘ ( UK Human Rights Blog, 1 July 2010) http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2010/07/01/stop-and-search-powers-under-review-as-european-court-reject-uk-appeal/ accessed 28 November 2014 [7] Terrorism Act 2000 (Remedial) Order 2011 [8] Home Office, ‘Statistics national statistics Police powers and procedures England and Wales 2011/12’ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/police-powers-and-procedures-in-england-and-wales-201112/police-powers-and-procedures-in-england-and-wales-2011-12#stops-and-searches [9] ‘Statistics Operation of police powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 and subsequent legislation: Arrests, outcomes and stop and searches, Great Britain, 2012 to 2013’ (Home Office, 12 September 2013) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-2012-to-2013/operation-of-police-powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-and-subsequent-legislation-arrests-outcomes-and-stop-and-searches-great-britain-2012-to-20 accessed 20 November 2014 [10] Pat Strickland, ‘Stop and Search’ ( House of Commons Library , 23 January 2014) [11] Part 1 of Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, particularly s2, s7,s8 [12] S45(1) Terrorism Act 2000 [13]‘Does the Order remove the incompatibility?’ (Terrorism Act 2000 (Remedial) Order 2011: Stop and Search without Reasonable Suspicion Human Rights Joint Committee) http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201012/jtselect/jtrights/155/15506.htm accessed 27 November 2014 [14] S4 , s5 PACE [15]Duration: The maximum period for an authorisation is 14 days. [16] Code of Practice under Terrorism Act 2000 [17] s1(3) PACE [18] Code of Practice under Terrorism Act [19] Kiron Reid, ‘Stop and Search’ (24 September 2014) [20] The maximum period for an authorisation is 14 days. [21] Code Of Practice (England, Wales And Scotland) For The Authorisation And Exercise Of Stop And Search Powers Relating To Section 47a Of Schedule 6b To The Terrorism Act 2000 [22] ‘Consultation Code Of Practice (Northern Ireland) For The Authorisation And Exercise Of Stop And Search Powers Relating To Sections 43, 43a And 47a Of The Terrorism Act 2000’ (Northern Ireland office, Febuary 2012) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/136403/consultation_on_the_code_of_practice_for_stop_and_search_powers_under_the_.pdf accessed 25 November 2014 [23] S1(3) PAC 1984 [24] Code of Practice, para 2.2 PACE [25] Andrew Sander, Richard Young and Mandy Burton , Criminal Justice( 4th edn, Oxford University Press,2010) 84 [26] ‘Stop and search QAs’ (Policy Pages, 21 August 2014) http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/priorities_and_how_we_are_doing/corporate/stop_search_qa_august2014.pdf accessed 25 November 2014 [27] Howarth v Commissioner of Policeof Police of the Metropolis[2011] EWHC 2818 [28] Andrew Sander, Richard Young and Mandy Burton , Criminal Justice ( 4th edn, Oxford University Press,2010) 157 [29] Code of Practice under Terrorism Act 2000 [30] Avon and Somerset Constabulary, ‘Stop and Search’ www.bathnes.gov.uk/sites/default/files/stop_search_notes.doc accessed 24 November 2014 [31] Equality and Human Rights Commission, ‘ The Human Rights Act’ http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/human-rights-act accessed 22 November 2014 [32] Equality and Human Rights Commission, ‘ The Human Rights Act’ http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights/human-rights-act accessed 22 November 2014 [33] ‘Article 8 : The right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence’ ( Human Rights Review 2012) http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/humanrights/hrr_article_8.pdf accessed 24 November 2014 [34] Article 5 HRA 1998 [35] Article 5 : The right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence’ ( Human Rights Review 2012) http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/humanrights/hrr_article_5.pdf accessed 24 November 2014 [36] Article 8 HRA 1998 [37] Article 8 : The right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence’ ( Human Rights Review 2012) http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/humanrights/hrr_article_8.pdf accessed 24 November 2014 [38] Article 14 HRA 1998 [39] ‘Human Rights Thematic Review on the use of police powers to stop and search and stop and question under the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Justice and Security (NI) Act 2007’ (Northen Ireland policing Board) http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/stop_and_search_thematic_review__final_draft__15_october_2013.pdf accessed 24 November 2014 [40] Joel Miller, ‘Stop and Search in England, A Reformed Tactic or Business As Usual?’ (2010) 50 British Journal of Criminology 954 [41] Ben Bowling and Coretta Phillips, ‘Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search’ ( Modern Law Review,2007) http://www.stop-watch.org/uploads/documents/modern_law_review.pdf accessed 27 November 2014 [42] Gillan and Quinton v. UK 4158/05 [2010] ECHR 28