The Relationship between Learning and Memory :: Papers

Learning to tie shoes and ride a bike requires the encoding, storing, and retrieving of past observations of the procedure. With a lot of practice, children master these skills so well that they are able to remember them the rest of their lives. Memory is the storing of information over time. It is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. As a process, memory refers to the "dynamic mechanism associated with the retention and retrieval of information about past experiences" (Sternberg 260). We use our memory about the past to help us understand the present. The study or memory in psychology is used in different ways, as well as there are many different ways to study how memory works in humans. In psychology there are many tasks used to measure memory, and different types of memory storages that human's use, such as sensory storing, or short term storing. There are also a lot of techniques that humans use to improve their memory, which they can use to learn, such as mnemonic devices. All these things can be classified as important issues in the study of human memory and ways of learning. In studying memory, researchers have devised various tasks that require participants to remember "arbitrary information" (Merkle). Memory tasks typically involve either recall or recognition. In recall memory you would be asked to give a fact, a word, or an item from memory. In recognition memory you are asked to identify from various things the correct word, fact, or item. How then do humans remember these things? It involves the human memory process, containing encoding, storing, and retrieving any information being given to us. Encoding is the process of placing information into memory. Storage is the process of retaining information in memory. Getting information out of memory is called retrieval. Out of the three, the most important is Encoding, because you must pay attention to the information that you want to place into your memory. It is the starting point, although there are three levels known within this beginning step. Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart proposed three levels for encoding incoming information. "They suggested that whether we remember information for a few seconds or a lifetime depends on how deeply we process the information" (Internet). The first level is classified as Structural, because information is stored on visual codes. In other words, what information "looks" like or what is its physical structure.

Notes on the Auteur Theory Essay

The auteur theory consists of a director’s own personality or attitude in each film that they create. Each film has his or her own style and they use their own personal technique in each film differently. In the article entitled â€Å"Notes on the Auteur Theory,† written by Andrew Sarris, he states that there are three different premises of the auteur theory. The first premise is â€Å"the technical competence of a director as a criterion of value. † A director can be either good or bad, it all depends on the types of films they create. The second premise of the auteur theory is the â€Å"distinguishable personality of the director as a criterion value. † In every film a director correlates his or her own personality into the premise of the film in some way. This creates a relationship between how the film looks and moves to how the director thinks and feels. The third and final premise of the auteur theory according to Sarris is â€Å"concerned with interior meaning, the ultimate glory of the cinema as an art. † This premise projects the director’s attitude towards life during their films or their vision on the world. Over the years, many directors have met the criteria of an auteur director, but none have fit the characteristics of suspense and mystery like Alfred Hitchcock has. Alfred Hitchcock was born in Leytonstone, London England on August 13th, 1899. He had two older siblings, William and Eileen and the three of them grew up in a strict catholic family with their parents named William Hitchcock and Emma Jane Whelan. Hitchcock did not join the film industry until the 1920s, and prior to that he attended St.  Ignatius College and a school for engineering and navigation. In the beginning of his film work, Hitchcock began drawing sets because of his skills in art and eventually got into filmmaking. Some of Hitchcock’ include, The Pleasure Garden, Jamaica Inn, Frenzy, The Lady Vanishes, Psycho, The Rear Window, The Lodger, Vertigo, and Dial M for Murder. In 1942, after Hitchcock directed a film called, Saboteur, film companies began referring to his film after himself; such as Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock’s Family Plot, Alfred Hitchcock’s Frenzy. Hitchcock was awarded the Life Achievement Award on March 7th, 1979 and by this time he was becoming very ill. Unfortunately, Alfred Hitchcock passed away on April 29th, 1980 from a renal failure. Hitchcock may be gone, but his films are never forgotten and to this day Hitchcock will be remembered as the most famous suspenseful and mysterious filmmakers. (IMDB, N. P) Alfred Hitchcock, said, â€Å"There is no terror in the bang, only the anticipation of it†. This statement falls true in almost all of Hitchcock’s films. An auteur director â€Å"illuminates the style of a single artist through a consideration of formal elements,† and one of Hitchcock’s elements that he incorporates in his films is the use of suspenseful tone during certain scenes. (Bywater, 52) In the film, Dial M for Murder, Alfred applies ominous tones to make the audience on the edge of their seats. During the scene when Margot is about to be murdered, the music starts off slow and begins to increase in volume right before the murderer strangles her, forcing the audience to wonder what will occur next. The same type of suspense is used during the film, Vertigo. There is a scene when John is attempting to makeover Judy to fit the aspects of a former lover, Madeline. While he is awaiting her arrival from the bathroom, the tone of the score begins to rise. As John is anticipating Judy’s appearance, the music starts to grow and right before she opens the door of the bathroom, the volume is at its loudest, making the suspense for her arrival at its peak for the audience. Another scene from Vertigo is when John follows Madeline to see her jump off of the bridge into the San Francisco bay. Prior to her jump, the music is light and calming, making the audience wonder why John and Madeline are there. The moment Madeline dives into the bay, the tone immediately heightens and the audience feels a sense of terror not knowing what happened to her. Hitchcock incorporates this style of score into one of his most famous films, Psycho. In an article its states that â€Å"Psycho is the mother of all modern suspense films,† and the audience witnesses this in one of the most famous scenes from the film, the death of the main actress, Marian, during a shower (â€Å"The Greatest Films†). As Marian steps in and begins to take a shower, there is no music playing. While the scene progresses and the shadow of the mother begins to appear, as does the screeching music. This high-pitched tone terrifies the audience as the mother quickly kills Marion. Hitchcock combines the use of score and the use of a drawn out dialogue scenes to create a sense of anxiety between the characters. By using long dialogue scenes, Hitchcock is able to create anticipation from scene to scene, allowing the audience to wonder what will come after. In Dial M for Murder, there is a scene between Tony and Swan discussing how the two will kill Tony’s wife, Margot. The two deeply discuss what will happen during the murder and as the scene progresses the audience becomes worried whether or not the plan will succeed. Hitchcock used the same technique in the film Vertigo during a scene between John and Meredith. The scene consists of the two in the woods while Meredith begins to go into an odd mental breakdown. The audience learns that there is something deeply wrong with Meredith and that John is trying to help her. This scene shows the progression of Meredith’s condition, causing the audience to think about what is left to come. The same technique appears in the film Psycho during an intense conversation between Norman and Marion. This is the first night that Marion stays in the home with Norman and his mother. Norman begins a conversation with her, but instead of coming off friendly, Norman starts to become much more creepy. As the scene advances, Marion begins to become scared of Norman and starts to feel unsafe in his presence. This scene gives the audience a feel of uncertainty with Norman and begins to see that there is something wrong with the man. With the use of long dialogue scenes, Hitchcock was able to convey certain emotions within the scenes to the audience. Alfred Hitchcock will go down in filmmaking history as an auteur director because of his use of both suspenseful score and long mysterious dialogue scenes. Throughout every one of his films, the audience is able to feel scared without the use of cheesy tactics, but from intelligent techniques that incorporate Hitchcock’s personality and the use of his own spin on every film he creates.

Discrimination Against People With Disabilities - 1729 Words

People with Disabilities Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes discrimination against people with disabilities. However a growing trend of awareness from the media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia’s population (4.2million Australians) has a disability. This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of the population has a severe disability. According to the World Health Organization â€Å"Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions.† In the past we have had trouble understanding disabilities, particularly mental ones, causing a lot of discrimination and stigma against people. Education and the workplace are areas in which legal mechanisms have proven to be effective when providing justice for people with disabilities. Although an area whic h is still improving is law enforcement surrounding people with mental illness. Mental illness covers a range of illnesses involving a person’s mental state. Even with increased knowledge and understanding today people with mental health issues may still be discriminated against and, as a result, many cases are undiagnosed as people are afraid of being stigmatized. Despite this approximately 1 in 5 Australians will experience a mental illness each year. With mental illness covering aShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Disabled People With Physical And Mental Disabilities Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesare different forms for all discrimination in today’s society. Discrimination is a concept that society has been portrayed as an acceptable act. Ableism is the discrimination against people with physical and mental disabilities. 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